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Voyager 2 Prepares for 1989 Neptune Flyby

NASA's Voyager 2, departing from its Jan. 24 encounter with Uranus, has undergone major course correction to prepare the spacecraft for its 1989 flyby of the planet Neptune.

Voyager Project members at JPL sent commands instructing the spacecraft to fire its hydrazine thrusters for 2 hours and 33 minutes on Feb. 14. The maneuver will allow mission planners the widest range of choices for Voyager 2's precise flight path during its Neptune encounter in August 1989.

The maneuver increased the spacecraft's speed, from 19.698 kilometers per second (44,064 miles per hour) to 19.715 km/sec (44,101 mph), both measured in relation to the Sun. The course change also moves up Voyager 2's arrival time at Neptune, from 10:15 p.m. Pacific Daylight Time Aug. 26, 1989, to 9 a.m. PDT Aug. 25, 1989.

Mission planners expect to execute another major course correction in 1987 that will change the spacecraft's arrival time by several hours. Based on the best knowledge of the Neptunian system at the time, that correction and later, smaller maneuvers will finalize Voyager 2's flight path at the planet to offer the best opportunity for scientific studies.

The maneuver leaves Voyager 2 with propellant supplies within planners' budgets, which permit operation well into the 21st century. After its Neptune encounter, Voyager 2 will continue out of the solar system in search of the heliopause -- the outer boundary of the Sun's magnetic influence and the beginning of interstellar space.

The Voyager Project is managed by JPL for NASA's Office of Space Science and Applications.

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Soviet-American Group Plans Voyage for Peace

By Richard Severo

• March 20, 1989

A group of Soviet and American environmentalists have agreed to sail a schooner together from New York to Leningrad to underscore their conviction that the two nations should stop their arms buildup and instead begin saving the planet from its abuse by humans.

Their 156-foot steel-hulled, two-masted schooner is scheduled to leave New York June 3, and they hope to finish the 4,000-mile voyage by July 15. More environmentalists will make the return voyage aboard the vessel, Te Vega, which is scheduled to leave Leningrad July 20.

The ship, which was built 60 years ago at the Krupp steel works in Keil, West Germany, is of Dutch registry and powered by a diesel engine, as well as by sail.

On both voyages there will be 20 American and 20 Soviet environmentalists, each of whom will have contributed about $3,500 toward expenses and will be working as a deckhand. There will also be more than a dozen experienced sailors aboard the Te Vega, which was chartered for $60,000. Tests for Pollutants Planned

Some research will be done. The Americans and Soviets will take water and air samples along the way to be tested later for pollutants, and they will look for evidence of plastics that have been discharged at sea by ships and that threaten marine life.

Scientists from the two countries have collaborated on various projects before, but the sponsors of the project, which is called Soviet-American Sail 1989, believe this is the first time that lay environmentalists from both countries will make such an ambitious journey together.

Nadine Bloch of Garrison, N.Y., an aquatic ecologist and a principal promoter of the sail, calls this only the beginning of increased communication between environmentalists in the two countries. She said she felt the interests of world peace and environmental protection were inseparable.

Gregory E. Temkin, the principal organizer of the trip in the Soviet Union, equated nuclear war between the countries with environmental deterioration. ''Both are lethal,'' he said. ''We don't have time to play games.''

The voyage is fully booked in both directions, and there is a waiting list, said Albert Nejmeh, who is helping to arrange the sail. He is captain of the Hudson River sloop Clearwater, which promotes environmental education.

The environmentalists range in age from 17 to 73, he said. Costly Trip for Soviets

For the average Soviet taking the voyage, $3,500 represents about a year's salary. A Soviet environmental group called Travels for Peace and Environment, which was established two years ago and now claims a national membership of 2,000, arranged for sponsorship by the Youth Center for Science and Technology in the Ukraine.

Mr. Temkin, a science fiction writer and the vice president of Travels for Peace and Environment, said that neither his club nor the youth center had any financial subsidy from the Soviet Government. He said Soviet environmentalists preferred to operate independently, especially since so many find fault with the Government's environmental planning.

A few days ago Mr. Temkin was in Garrison, about 50 miles north of New York City, where he, Vladimir Artemiv and Slava Stepanchikov, two physicists who are members of Travels for Peace and Environment in Moscow, met with Mr. Nejmeh and Ms. Bloch to complete final arrangements for the sail. Similar Grievances Expressed

The more they spoke, the more they sounded the same; it was clear that Soviet and American environmentalists had largely similar grievances.

Mr. Temkin was especially critical of the Soviet Ministry of Land Improvement, which, he said, had drained marshes and bungled irrigation projects in the steppes, creating salinity in soil that had not been saline before.

And both Mr. Artemiv and Mr. Stepanchikov denounced the use of nuclear power. ''I am happy to say that the anti-nuclearists are gaining ground,'' said Mr. Stepanchikov. ''Chernobyl provided the shock, and several projects have been stopped.

''The Government says we are too emotional about nuclear energy,'' Mr. Stepanchikov added. ''I think it is good to be emotional about it.''

The idea for the sail was born when Ms. Bloch met Mr. Temkin in the Soviet Union in 1987, where they participated in an American-Soviet peace walk from Leningrad to Moscow. They agreed that the example provided by American and Soviet environmentalists crossing the ocean in a ship would have a great deal of symbolic value.

''We are indeed all in the same boat,'' Mr. Temkin said. ''We are not passengers, but crew members on our own planet, and we ask only that the bureaucrats not stand in the way.''

Experimental studies of the dynamical characteristics of fuel-element bundles of VVER fuel assemblies in turbulent coolant flow

• Published: 17 February 2013
• Volume 113 , pages 295–299, ( 2013 )

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• Yu. G. Dragunov 1 ,
• V. I. Solonin 1 ,
• V. V. Perevezentsev 1 &
• I. V. Petrov 2  

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Yu. G. Dragunov, B. N. Dranchenko, V. V. Abramov, and V. U. Khairetdinov, “Vibro-dynamical studies to validate VVER designs,” in: Safety Security of Nuclear Power Plants with VVER , Podolsk (2007), Vol. 2, pp. 356–375.

S. I. Getya, V. I. Solonin, V. V. Perevezentsev, et al., “Experience in the development and use of piezoresistive vibroaccelerometers for measuring the vibrational characteristics of fuel assemblies for water-cooled nuclear reactors,” Datch. Sistemy , No. 10, 25–29 (2006).

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V. V. Perevezentsev, “Experimental studies of the dynamical characteristics of fuel-element bundles in VVER-440 fuel assemblies,” Nauka i Obrazov.: Elektron. Nauch.-Tekhn. Izd. , No. 10 (2011).

E. D. Fedorovich, B. S. Fokin, A. F. Akselrod, and E. N. Goldberg, Vibrations of the Elements of Equipment in Nuclear Power Facilities , Energoatomizdat, Moscow (1989).

V. S. Fedotovskii, V. F. Sinyavskii, and L. V. Terenik, “Inertia and hydrodynamic damping during vibrations of tubes and tube bundles in a liquid,” in: Dynamical Characteristics and Vibrations of the Elements of Power Generation Equipment , Nauka, Moscow (1980), pp. 86–97.

B. Collard, “Flow induced damping of a PWR fuel assembly,” in: Proc. Techn. Meeting on Structure Behavior of Fuel Assemblies for Water Cooled Reactors , IAEA, Vienna (2005), pp. 279–288.

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Yu. G. Dragunov, V. I. Solonin & V. V. Perevezentsev

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Translated from Atomnaya Énergiya, Vol. 113, No. 4, pp. 237–240, October, 2012.

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Dragunov, Y.G., Solonin, V.I., Perevezentsev, V.V. et al. Experimental studies of the dynamical characteristics of fuel-element bundles of VVER fuel assemblies in turbulent coolant flow. At Energy 113 , 295–299 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10512-013-9634-x

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DOI : https://doi.org/10.1007/s10512-013-9634-x

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