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Posted on Dec 6, 2017

cURL Response Time How I measure Response Times of Web APIs using curl

There is a bunch of specific tools for benchmarking HTTP requests. ab , JMeter , wrk ... Then why still use curl for the purpose?

It's because curl is widely-used and it's a kind of common language for Web Developers.

Also, some tools have a feature to retrieve an HTTP request as a curl command.

It's quite useful because it copies not only the URL and parameters but also request headers including Authorization or Cookie .

In this article, I use these tools:

Measure response time using curl

At first, let's prepare a curl command. In this time, I got the command of the request to my personal blog using Google Chrome. ( Cookie is removed)

It just outputs the response body from the server.

Let's append these options.

-s is to silence the progress, -o is to dispose the response body to /dev/null .

And what is important is -w . We can specify a variety of format and in this time I used time_starttransfer to retrieve the response time (time to first byte).

It shows like below:

The response time is 0.188947 second (188 msec).

To simplify, I also created a wrapper command curlb :

Measure the percentile of the response times

It's not proper to benchmark from just a single request.

Then let's measure the percentile of 100 requests.

ntimes is useful for such purposes.

• https://github.com/yuya-takeyama/ntimes

You can install with go get github.com/yuya-takeyama/ntimes or the repository has pre-built binaries.

Let's append ntimes 100 -- at the beginning of the curl command.

And to measure the percentile of the numbers, the command called percentile may be the easiest option.

• https://github.com/yuya-takeyama/percentile

Install it by go get github.com/yuya-takeyama/percentile or download the pre-built binary from the repo.

And append | percentile to the end of the command.

Top comments (6)

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• Location France
• Education Ensimag
• Work Software Engineer at Michelin
• Joined Sep 3, 2018

Good article ! For zsh users, you could use repeat

• Joined Dec 10, 2017

by the way, why curlb on the last two commands? is it a typo?

• Location Tokyo
• Work Software Engineer at LayerX Inc.
• Joined Nov 25, 2017

Hi, did you see this section?

To simplify, I also created a wrapper command curlb:

-s -o /dev/null -w "%{time_starttransfer}\n" is toooo long to type or to remember. So I always use curlb and recommend using it.

• Joined Feb 20, 2017

Interesting approach

• Joined Jul 25, 2017

This was an interesting post and I got curious to see how this measures up against how we record response time with our product templarbit.com/sonar and found that it works similar!

• Joined Feb 1, 2020

Hi! Is it possible to use your tool on Mac? If so, how to install the ntimes?

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Measure Response Time with Curl

• May 21, 2024
• Command Line

The performance of web applications and APIs plays an important role in user experience and satisfaction. One key metric for assessing this performance is response time - the duration it takes for a server to respond to a client request. Measuring response time is essential for identifying performance bottlenecks, optimizing server configurations, and ensuring that applications meet user expectations. This tutorial explains how to measure response time with a Curl.

The simplest way to measure the response time of a URL using Curl is with the -w (write-out) option. This option allows you to specify custom information to be written to standard output after a request is completed. To get the total time taken for a request, you can use the time_total variable.

The -o option is used to discard output, since we are only interested in the timing. The -s option makes Curl silent, so it does not show progress information.

Output example:

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Measuring HTTP response times with cURL

Without getting out of your current shell and installing other utilities, give curl a try to measure response times - it can do it..

Oftentimes I see myself needing to check response times while making a bunch of requests quickly. Most of the tools out there either do not continuously make new requests (via an entirely new TCP connection) or don’t expose connection times.

httpstat is a great tool that does the job really well. It’s a single binary that you can put under your $PATH and have nice stats, but it’s yet another tool, and you might just be inside a container (or maybe a sealed environment?) and want to check response times quickly.

curl comes very handy when needing to have an easy way of displaying response times. Tied with a little of shell scripting, you can even create a comma-separated values output that allows you to see how it changes over time.

Discovering the right curl flags

Looking at man curl ( curl ’s man page), we can see that there’s an interesting flag named --write-out that we can leverage to gather further insights about the connection:

What are these variables? Let’s see some of them:

Knowing those variables, it becomes a matter of creating a format (a template) to pass to the --write-out flag specifying which variables we want to see.

You can see that it took 0.06 seconds, but it also contains some information there that doesn’t really matter for me - if all we want is the timing information, why get all that information from the body?

We can get rid of that by telling curl to send the body to the null device :

Well, we still have some stuff left - there are these extra header lines that tells us curl ’s progress.

Fortunately, we can get rid of that too:

Cool, now that we have the information we want, let’s tailor a script retrieves all the information needed.

A snippet for printing a CSV of response times using CURL

Knowing how the command looks like, now it’s a matter of creating a better defined templated and let it run for n times:

Trying it out:

Closing thoughts

While there are tools out there that are able to do this, it’s very useful to have some options to quickly test out when you’re in the middle of an on-call.

I hope this article was useful for you! If you have any questions or just want to chat a bit, I’m @cirowrc on Twitter.

I’m planning to post some other articles regarding useful shell scripts that I use, so make sure you also subscribe to the mailing list to get updates on that topic.

Have a good one!

Recommended articles

If you've gotten some knowledge from this article, these are some others that you might take advatange of as well!

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Timing Page Responses With Curl

Timing web requests is possible in curl using the -w or --write-out flag. This flag takes a number of different options, including several time based options.

These timing options are useful for testing the raw speed of requests from a web server and can be an important tool when improving performance and quickly getting feedback on the response.

The -w or --write-out flag in curl has a number of different options, far more than I can add here. You can use these options by surrounding them in a " %{parameter} " structure and passing this as a string to the -w flag.

For example, if we wanted to return just the HTTP status code of the response we would use the following curl command.

This returns the string "200" and nothing else.

To explain the parameters used above:

• -w is the write out flag and we have passed in the http_code option, which means that the output will contain this information.
• -o will send the output of the response to /dev/null. In other words we are just throwing this away.
• -sL  this is a dual flag, with the "s" running curl in silent mode without any error messages or progress bars and the "L" will let curl following any redirects so we are actually measuring the final destination and not the initial response.

More importantly for the purposes of measuring the time taken for the response to complete are the time parameters available to the write out flag.

To reference the documentation for the time based variables is as follows.

• time_appconnect  - The time, in seconds, it took from the start until the SSL/SSH/etc connect/handshake to the remote host was completed.
• time_connect - The time, in seconds, it took from the start until the TCP connect to the remote host (or proxy) was completed.
• time_namelookup  - The time, in seconds, it took from the start until the name resolving was completed.
• time_pretransfer - The time, in seconds, it took from the start until the file transfer was just about to begin. This includes all pre-transfer commands and negotiations that are specific to the particular protocol(s) involved.
• time_redirect  - The time, in seconds, it took for all redirection steps including name lookup, connect, pretransfer and transfer before the final transaction was started. time_redirect shows the complete execution time for multiple redirections.
• time_starttransfer  - The time, in seconds, it took from the start until the first byte was just about to be transferred. This includes time_pretransfer and also the time the server needed to calculate the result.
• time_total -  The total time, in seconds, that the full operation lasted.

Any of these variables can be added to the request to get an indication of how long a request took to run.

This will return a single value of how long the request took to complete, in seconds.

You can combine these variables together in order to create more detailed information about the request.

The time_starttransfer option gives us access to the "time to first byte" metric, which the time it takes between the request being received and the server sending a response. An important consideration when benchmarking server response times.

Running this command produces the following output.

This does, however, become a little unwieldy as most of the command is now taken up with the -w argument.

The good news is that instead of supplying a string to this flag we can create a template file and supply the filename to the flag using the @ symbol. This is called a readFile macro, and will inject the contents of the file into the flag arguments.

To recreate the above we can create a template file called "curl-firstbyte.txt" and add the following contents.

The .txt file extension here just makes the file easy to edit; it isn't actually required.

We can then change the command to reference the file using the readFile macro syntax. This means that the curl command is simplified to the following.

This works in exactly the same way and is much easier to type into the command line.

For completeness, we can create a template file that contains all of the available time based parameters in one go. Create a file called curl-timings.txt and add the following content to it.

And then reference this template file in the same way as before.

This makes it clear that most of the time taken is the web server responding to the request.

Make sure you check out the curl man page on the write out flag for a detailed breakdown of every option that you can pass to this template.

There are better tools out there to test performance of your site, but this technique can be a useful tool for getting quick feedback on how much you have changed the performance of a single request and nicely complements full stack testing solutions.

More in this series

• Some Useful Curl Snippets

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How to measure response time using curl ?

Definition of time_total according to the docs:

The total time in seconds , that the full operation lasted. The time will be displayed with millisecond resolution.

References:

• https://everything.curl.dev/usingcurl/verbose/writeout#available-write-out-variables
• https://curl.se/docs/manpage.html#-k
• https://curl.se/docs/manpage.html#-v
• https://curl.se/docs/manpage.html#-w

How do I debug latency issues using curl?

My requests are slower from Heroku when compared with a local development server.

There are many possible causes of latency so it's not possible to cover every cause - the following are some suggestions based on common misunderstandings that we see from time to time.

Network round trip times

The time taken to request a file from your local machine or network is likely to be in the order of 1ms. When hosting on Heroku, our datacenters are located in different regions and will almost certainly add some latency given the distances involved. As a very rough guide you can expect around 100ms of latency when accessing a US region app from the EU on a fast connection.

Request queueing times (especially when load testing)

This is not strictly a network latency issue but you should check for high request queueing times using the suggestions in this article if you are experiencing performance issues.

SSL Handshake times

(all examples use requests from an EU client to a US based app)

When making individual requests using a tool like curl or postman , it's not unusual for these to negotiate a new SSL connection for each request. The handshake process for SSL involves at least 3 network round trips (plus some processing time) meaning that the first request over SSL is often significantly slower than for subsequent request that reuse the connection.

To confirm this effect in curl you can use the following command (on Unix based systems) to measure the SSL handshake time:

All times are measured in seconds and additional info for each of the timing can be found on the curl manpage

The above shows that the SSL handshake took 423ms ( ssl handshake minus tcp time ) for this request.

To see the TTFB without the effect of an SSL handshake, the easiest method is to simply request the same URL twice via curl as this will reuse the existing connection:

We can see here that the subsequent request took 110ms to transfer the first byte - this is what the majority of connections from a web browser would experience. It's also worth noting that the connection is kept open between the client and the Heroku Routing layer, not the app server. Connection: close is always used between the router and the application backends (due to the high number of router backend instances), but the connection from the end-user client and the router will respect keep-alive (assuming a Content-Length or Encoding: chunked header is present). SSL termination happens at the routing layer so the benefits of re-using the connection are still present there.

DNS resolution issues

The speed of domain name lookups can vary due to several factors. Again, you can test this with curl using the time_namelookup parameter shown above.

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How to measure response time of a website using curl?

I want to measure the response time of a website using a command. Can i do this with a curl command?

You can measure the response time of a url by running the following curl command

It returns response time in seconds i.e if you see something like 1.234 that means it tool 1 second 234 milliseconds to get the response form that url.

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NASA's New Rocket Could Slash Mars Round Trip to Just Two Months

O ne of the significant challenges to human space exploration is the somewhat long travel time to Mars. NASA just took a big step toward rectifying this with an investment of $725,000 in the development of a new rocket system expected to cut the current duration of a round trip to the Red Planet down to only two months.

Round-trip missions to Mars are long, currently nearly two years with the help of existing technology and throughput, posing considerable health risks to astronauts. More important is space radiation. Astronauts spending six months on this particular mission absorb radiation equivalent to 1,000 chest X-rays. This heightens the risk of developing cancers, damage to the nervous system, bone loss, and even heart disease in them.

“The best way to reduce radiation exposure and other harmful health effects is to shorten the length of the trip,” said Troy Howe, president of Howe Industries. That’s why his company partnered with NASA to develop the Pulsed Plasma Rocket, a propulsion system that promises to revolutionize space travel.

The PPR, currently in its second phase of development as part of the NASA Innovative Advanced Concepts Program, achieves high thrust efficiency by firing pulses of super-heated plasma. The effort focuses on finalizing the engine design, working out the proof-of-concept experiments, and holds the design for a shielded spaceship with PPR-powered propulsion leading to human missions to Mars.

The PPR’s significant advantage in velocity is only the reason it would be capable of propelling a spacecraft at incredible velocities. It produces 10,000 newtons of thrust at a specific impulse of 5,000 seconds. With that, a spacecraft carrying four to six passengers could achieve a speed of around 100,000 miles per hour. However, such speed would have to be drastically reduced to enter Mars’ orbit and finally land, which Howe Industries has already considered here in this design.

But it will be another two decades, at least, before PPR is spaceworthy. By then, the technology could also help take man beyond Mars and even achieve missions as distant as Pluto. “You can pretty much achieve anything you want in the solar system once we get this technology running in 20 years,” Howe said.

However, some other challenges face the Mars journey. A new study announced by researchers from University College London has revealed that long-duration space travel changes the structure of the kidneys of astronauts. More than 40 samples obtained from several space missions on both humans and mice suggest that kidneys remodel in space and parts of the organ start shrinking in less than a month.

The findings could screw a NASA and SpaceX plan to send crewed missions to Mars in the next several decades. SpaceX CEO, Elon Musk, has claimed that spacecraft should be able to do that within the next “10 to 20 years,” but the team told UCL that astronauts need measures to protect their kidneys during long space travel. Some of these potential countermeasures include onboard recovery techniques in the form of dialysis machines.

“We know what has happened to astronauts on relatively short space missions, such as an increase in health issues like kidney stones,” said Dr. Keith Siew from the UCL Department of Renal Medicine. “What we don’t know is why these issues occur, nor what will happen on longer flights like the proposed mission to Mars.”

Professor Stephen Walsh, the senior author of the study, says that kidney health is one of the major consideration points while charting out a space mission. “You can’t protect them from galactic radiation using shielding, but as we learn more about renal biology, it may be possible to develop technological or pharmaceutical measures to facilitate extended space travel,” he says.

If NASA and companies operating out of the country are to continue pushing the frontier of space exploration, mitigating such serious health risks will be instrumental. Then, the development of the Personal Protective Rocket and other mitigating measures may make faster, safer pathways to Mars and beyond open up. 

The post NASA’s New Rocket Could Slash Mars Round Trip to Just Two Months first appeared on BuzzHint .

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2024 British Open tee times, pairings: Complete schedule on TV, groups for Round 2 on Friday at Royal Troon

The star-studded groups continue throughout the second round at the 152nd open championship.

Players will look to make moves towards the top of the leaderboard (or the cutline) on Friday as the 2024 Open Championship continues. Royal Troon has already taken a number of victims through the first 18 holes with the likes of Tiger Woods , Rory McIlroy and Bryson DeChambeau all posting gaudy numbers , so it stands to wonder who might be on the wrong side of Troon come the end of play Friday.

Woods, a 15-time major champion, attempted to make his second cut this season beginning at 4:25 a.m. ET alongside Xander Schauffele and Patrick Cantlay. Unfortunately, he failed in that attempt scoring just three birdies across his 36 holes at Royal Troon to sit 14 over and well below the cutline with action continuing into Friday afternoon.

Off in the morning hours was the trio of Brooks Koepka, Wyndham Clark and Hideki Matsuyama moments before Woods' group at 4:14 a.m. World No. 1 Scottie Scheffler remained in sound position next to Jordan Spieth and Cameron Young as the trio of Americans got their second 18 started at 4:58 a.m.

Groups will continue to tee off the first hole at Royal Troon with additional stars trickling onto the golf course later in the day. They include the two men who duked it out at the last major championship, the U.S. Open. DeChambeau and McIlroy did not have their best stuff on Thursday meaning a strong Friday will be required if they are to make their way into the weekend.

DeChambeau will get his second round started at 9:48 a.m. with Ludvig Åberg and Tom Kim who are both in jeopardy of short weeks. McIlroy begins nearly 30 minutes later at 10:10 a.m. alongside Tyrrell Hatton and Max Homa.

Don't miss a second of action this week at Royal Troon. Check out our Open Championship TV schedule and coverage guide so you can watch as much golf as possible over the next three days from Scotland, and follow along live Friday with  Open Championship leaderboard coverage and live updates throughout Round 2.

All times Eastern

2024 Open Championship tee times, Friday pairings

• 1:35 a.m. — Ewen Ferguson, Marcel Siem
• 1:46 a.m. — C.T. Pan, Yuto Katsuragawa
• 1:57 a.m. — Rikuya Hoshino, Angel Hidalgo, Richard Mansell
• 2:08 a.m. — Corey Conners, Ryan Fox, Jorge Campillo
• 2:19 a.m. — Ernie Els, Gary Woodland, Altin Van Der Merwe
• 2:30 a.m. — Henrik Stenson, Rasmus Hojgaard, Jacob Skov Olesen
• 2:41 a.m. — Louis Oosthuizen, Billy Horschel, Victor Perez
• 2:52 a.m. — Sepp Straka, Brendon Todd, Jordan Smith
• 3:03 a.m. — Denny McCarthy, Taylor Moore, Adrian Meronk
• 3:14 a.m. — Jason Day, Byeong Hun An, Rickie Fowler
• 3:25 a.m. — Alex Cejka, Eric Cole, Kurt Kitayama
• 3:36 a.m. — Darren Clarke, J.T. Poston, Dean Burmester
• 3:47 a.m. — Phil Mickelson, Joost Luiten, Dustin Johnson
• 4:03 a.m. — Padraig Harrington, Davis Thompson, Matthew Jordan
• 4:14 a.m. — Wyndham Clark, Brooks Koepka, Hideki Matsuyama
• 4:25 a.m. — Tiger Woods, Xander Schauffele, Patrick Cantlay
• 4:36 a.m. — Collin Morikawa, Sam Burns, Si Woo Kim
• 4:47 a.m. — Shane Lowry, Matt Fitzpatrick, Cameron Smith
• 4:58 a.m. — Jordan Spieth, Scottie Scheffler, Cameron Young
• 5:09 a.m. — Akshay Bhatia, Tom Hoge, Sami Valimaki
• 5:20 a.m. — Emiliano Grillo, Ben Griffin, Mackenzie Hughes
• 5:31 a.m. — Yannik Paul, Joe Dean, Andy Ogletree
• 5:42 a.m. — Ryan Van Velzen, Charlie Lindh, Luis Masaveu
• 5:53 a.m. — Kazuma Kobori, Jaime Montojo, Liam Nolan
• 6:04 a.m. — Daniel Brown, Denwit Boriboonsub, Matthew Dodd-Berry
• 6:15 a.m. — Jeung-Hun Wang, Aguri Iwasaki, Sam Horsfield
• 6:26 a.m. — Justin Leonard, Todd Hamilton, Jack McDonald
• 6:47 a.m. — Alex Noren, Tom McKibbin, Calum Scott
• 6:58 a.m. — Jesper Svensson, Vincent Norrman, Michael Hendry
• 7:09 a.m. — Younghan Song, Daniel Hillier, Ryosuke Kinoshita
• 7:20 a.m. — Min Woo Lee, Ryo Hisatsune, Abraham Ancer
• 7:31 a.m. — Nicolai Hojgaard, Adam Scott, Keita Nakajima
• 7:42 a.m. — Francesco Molinari, Justin Rose, Jasper Stubbs
• 7:53 a.m. — Justin Thomas, Sungjae Im, Matthew Southgate
• 8:04 a.m. — Nick Taylor, Matt Wallace, Laurie Canter
• 8:15 a.m. — Matteo Manassero, Shubhankar Sharma
• 8:26 a.m. — Zach Johnson, Austin Eckroat, Thorbjorn Olesen
• 8:37 a.m. — John Daly, Aaron Rai, Santiago De La Fuente
• 8:48 a.m. — Stewart Cink, Chris Kirk, Dominic Clemons
• 9:04 a.m. — Stephan Jaeger, Adam Schenk, Joaquin Niemann
• 9:15 a.m. — Adam Hadwin, Lucas Glover, Christiaan Bezuidenhout
• 9:26 a.m. — Tony Finau, Russell Henley, Matthieu Pavon
• 9:37 a.m. — Jon Rahm, Tommy Fleetwood, Robert MacIntyre
• 9:48 a.m. — Ludvig Åberg, Bryson DeChambeau, Tom Kim
• 9:59 a.m. — Brian Harman, Viktor Hovland, Sahith Theegala
• 10:10 a.m. — Rory McIlroy, Tyrrell Hatton, Max Homa
• 10:21 a.m. — Keegan Bradley, Will Zalatoris, Gordon Sargent
• 10:32 a.m. — Harris English, Maverick McNealy, Alexander Bjork 
• 10:43 a.m. — Guido Migliozzi, Sean Crocker, Tommy Morrison
• 10:54 a.m. — David Puig, John Catlin, Gun-Taek Koh
• 11:05 a.m. — Thirston Lawrence, Dan Bradbury, Elvis Smylie
• 11:16 a.m. — Nacho Elvira, Minkyu Kim, Darren Fichardt
• 11:27 a.m. — Mason Andersen, Masahiro Kawamura, Sam Hutsby

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Xander Schauffele wins Open Championship, claims second major title

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Xander Schauffele fired a final-round 65 at Royal Troon to come from behind and claim his second major title of 2024.

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There have been just five golfers who’ve won multiple majors in a season over the last 25 years: Tiger Woods, Padraig Harrington, Rory McIlroy, Jordan Spieth and Brooks Koepka.

After Sunday, you can add Xander Schauffele’s name to that list.

Schauffele, who entered Sunday at Royal Troon one shot off the lead, fired a final-round 65 to win the 152nd Open Championship by two strokes over Justin Rose and Billy Horschel. The win is his second major title after his breakthrough PGA Championship win at Valhalla just two months ago.

“It really is a dream come true to be holding [the Claret Jug],” Schauffele said. “It definitely hasn’t sunk in yet.”

The leaderboard was jam-packed as players arrived at Troon on Sunday morning. Horschel held the lead at four under while a host of contenders lurked within four shots of his lead. For much of the front nine during the final round, it looked as though any one of them could emerge victorious.

Jon Rahm made an early charge and climbed to the first page of the leaderboard, while players like Rose, Russell Henley and Scottie Scheffler all made moves of their own. Thirston Lawrence tried to recreate Todd Hamilton’s Troon magic as a Cinderella winner, and Horschel kept himself in the fight as well.

In the end, though, Schauffele was undeniable.

Going out in two-under 34, Schauffele put his game into another gear and left the field in his wake on the back nine. He began his charge with a birdie on the 11th — playing as the second-hardest hole of the day — and then added back-to-back circles on Nos. 13 and 14 to take the solo lead. On the par-5 16th, he added another after nearly holing out his third shot into the lone back-nine par-5. On a day when the scoring average on the back nine was two over, he played the inward nine in four under. All the while, he made no missteps, keeping his card spotless with zero bogeys on the day.

“I felt pretty calm on that back nine for some odd reason,” Schauffele said. “I think winning that PGA helped me. It was a lot of fun.”

After tapping in for par on the 18th, Schauffele waved to the crowd, raised his putter in the air and hugged his caddie on the edge of the green. Shortly afterward, Lawrence’s birdie bid on the 17th slide past the hole, cementing Schauffele’s Open Championship victory.

Schauffele’s six-under 65 was the lowest score of the final round by two shots, and he was one of just two players without a bogey on the card on Sunday.

With the win, Schauffle becomes the first player to win multiple majors in a season since Koepka in 2018. His win also cements a clean sweep for the Americans in the 2024 major season, the first time such a feat has occurred since 1982 when Raymond Floyd, Craig Stadler and Tom Watson (twice) won all four competing under the U.S. flag.

Next up, Schauffele will head to Paris as he looks to win the gold medal for the second Olympics in a row. But first, a bit of celebration is in order.

“I can’t wait to sit back and have a moment with this Claret Jug,” he said.

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Here's how much money every player made at the 2024 open championship, open championship playoff format: how it works in the event of a tie, 2024 open championship money: total purse, payout breakdown, winner's share, 2024 british open sunday channel: how to watch round 4 at royal troon, zephyr melton.

Zephyr Melton is an assistant editor for GOLF.com where he spends his days blogging, producing and editing. Prior to joining the team at GOLF, he attended the University of Texas followed by stops with the Texas Golf Association, Team USA, the Green Bay Packers and the PGA Tour. He assists on all things instruction and covers amateur and women’s golf. He can be reached at [email protected].

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Ex-Secret Service special agents explain why countersniper who saved Trump's life may have lost crucial seconds

• Trump's life was saved by a Secret Service countersniper assigned to Saturday's detail.
• But the shooter still managed to kill one rallygoer and injure two others before he was taken out.
• Experts said heat, staffing, and a focus on a nearby tree line may have cost crucial seconds.

The Secret Service countersniper who narrowly saved the life of former President Donald Trump may have lost crucial seconds because of factors including the extreme heat, a lack of antisniper backup, and a likely focus on a nearby tree line, a former special agent told Business Insider.

"This countersniper made an amazingly quick decision and clearly saved Trump's life," Bill Pickle, the former special agent in charge of Al Gore's vice-presidential Secret Service detail, said.

"Our guys are the best shots in the world. That's what they do," Pickle said.

"And within a second of the moment this kid opened fire, the CS guy shot him," he said, using Secret Service shorthand to refer to the countersniper deployed at Saturday night's rally in Butler, Pennsylvania.

"But someone will blame that CS and the spotter and say, 'If only he had been two seconds faster in spotting the shooter,'" the former special agent said.

"The real question may be: If there were more antisniper eyes on that building, could this have all been avoided?" he added.

How did the countersniper team not see the shooting suspect sooner?

Pickle said one area of focus for investigators would be how the shooter managed to get on top of the building without authorities taking notice.

"The other question is: Why wasn't this roof secured, and were there agents or law enforcement in there checking IDs?" he added.

"How did this kid figure out a way to get out on the rooftop and slither across that rooftop?" Pickle said. "He low-crawled across the roof on his hands and knees, and he pushed the weapon ahead of him just like in the military."

But even if they see a shooting suspect quicker, countersnipers may not always have the ability to act immediately when they spot a threat, Anthony Cangelosi, a former special agent who directed the Secret Service's technical-security advances for presidential candidates, said.

"You either have to make a decision: 'Do I take a shot? Or do I not take a shot?'" Cangelosi told BI.

"What if you find out, 'Oh, I just killed a 20-year-old kid who loves the protectee, and he couldn't get in the venue, and he just wanted to get up on that roof?' No one wants to be in that position," Cangelosi said.

Cangelosi said the Secret Service team at the event should have a "site plan" that would include a layout of the area and the surrounding buildings.

The would-be assassin fired at least three rounds from a rooftop 150 yards from where Trump was speaking. He killed one rallygoer and critically injured two others before being shot dead by a yet-to-be-identified Secret Service countersniper who was positioned on another rooftop.

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One bullet grazed Trump's right ear , bloodying his face.

"This kid, at 150 yards, made a great shot," Pickle said Sunday of the would-be assassin, his voice grim. "I don't know the specifics of whether he used optics, meaning a scope on his rifle," he told BI.

"But even with optics, it takes somebody with training to aim at somebody's head from 150 yards away and you actually hit the edge of the head," he said.

"That's not a lucky shot," he added. "That's a guy who actually shot before."

The FBI identified the shooter as Thomas Matthew Crooks , 20, of Bethel Park, Pennsylvania. The FBI said it was still investigating a motive.

But for now, it's clear that at least three things may have factored into the several-second delay between when Crooks was seen crawling onto the roof and when the CS team saw and shot him, Pickle said.

The decision on how many antisnipers to deploy may prove the most critical factor, he said.

"Someone made a decision that that number of countersnipers was sufficient," he said. "And obviously, in hindsight, they were wrong because there was a kid who was able to get up there on that rooftop and pull the trigger three times at least."

How many CS teams were deployed?

Staffing decisions would have been made at the Secret Service's headquarters in Washington, DC, based on whatever agency personnel on the ground recommended after a several-day investigation of the site, Pickle said.

"An advance team actually does a lengthy survey, where they look at everything and then recommend what they need," he said.

"But if they're stretched for resources, headquarters can say we can only get you one team out there. And that's not unusual — if you don't have it, you don't have it," Pickle said.

"It always boils down to resources," he said. "And if it's not a resource problem, and the money was there, then it's still an allocation-of-resources problem," he said — meaning someone underestimated the forces needed to keep Trump safe.

Regardless of how many snipers were present, the Secret Service typically has "360-degree coverage" of an event where a sitting or former president is speaking, Cangelosi said.

Another factor is the weather.

"The CS guys would probably say: 'We were up there for four hours in 100-degree heat, and if we had another team up here or drone support, this wouldn't have happened,'" Pickle said.

The team may also have been focusing on a nearby tree line, seeing it as the primary risk.

"You're looking at everything that would hide a potential assassin," Pickle said.

"The first assumption is that if I'm a bad guy, I'm going to hide. Human nature is such that I'm going to be scanning the rooftops to make sure they're empty, but then I'm going to be focusing on that tree line because you think the bad guy is going to be hidden," Pickle said.

"You don't think the bad guy is going to be out in the open," he said.

Interagency squabbles and intense public scrutiny are forthcoming

Once the would-be assassin opened fire, "everything that happened up there was textbook and the way it should have happened," Pickle said. The CS team returned fire, long-gun-toting counterassault agents in black jumpsuits and helmets rushed the stage, and business-suited agents at the rally platform hurried Trump offstage.

"But why wasn't he identified seconds sooner?" Pickle asked of the shooter.

"Was it caused by exhaustion from being on a 100-degree roof for four hours? Was the CS team watching the heavy foliage there, which arguably was the best place to hide?" he said.

"An open roof is not the best place to hide. If he climbed out onto an open rooftop, he was prepared to die," he added.

"The worst nightmare for the Secret Service has always been a lone gunman who hasn't been announcing his views publicly and is ready to die," he said.

Pickle said Saturday's attack would be dissected for years to come and "will be in the training syllabus forever."

"It's going to be a circular firing squad," Pickle said of the interagency finger-pointing and conspiracy theories that will play out as the attempted assassination is scrutinized by the FBI, Congress, and the press and public.

Cangelosi told BI that "a lot of people talk and things just travel" within the agency after an event of this magnitude.

"We all want answers, and we want them as quickly as possible, but it's going to take some time," Cangelosi said. "You know the Secret Service; they're professionals. Mistakes are made. They're going to remedy them."

Watch: How the Secret Service protected Trump after 'screwing up'

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2024 British Open tee times: When second round begins for golf's final major of 2024

The second round of the 2024 British Open will start in earnest with several names still in the hunt for the Claret Jug.

A congested leaderboard is topped by Englander Daniel Brown, who sits at 6 under , one stroke ahead of Shane Lowry of Ireland and two ahead of American Justin Thomas. There are seven more golfers (including PGA Championship winner Xander Schauffele) within four strokes of Brown, and another seven (including Masters winner Scottie Scheffler) who are one stroke behind them.

Tiger Woods, on the other hand, is much further down that list and in desperate need of a miracle round to avoid missing the cut. Woods shot 8 over par during a first round that included two double bogeys. Woods hasn't finished higher than a tie for 37th in any major since winning the 2019 Masters and has withdrawn from or missed the cut in five of the past six majors he's played.

Here are the tee times and more information to know for the second round of The Open:

British Open tee times for second round

All times Eastern

1:35 a.m. — Ewen Ferguson, Marcel Siem

1:46 a.m. — CT Pan, Romain Langasque, Yuto Katsuragawa

1;57 a.m. — Rikuya Hoshino, Angel Hidalgo, Richard Mansell

2:08 a.m. — Corey Conners, Ryan Fox, Jorge Campillo

2:19 a.m. — Ernie Els, Gary Woodland, Altin van der Merwe (a)

2:30 a.m. — Henrik Stenson, Rasmus Hojgaard, Jacob Skov Olesen (a)

2:41 a.m. — Louis Oosthuizen, Billy Horschel, Victor Perez

2:52 a.m. — Sepp Straka, Brendon Todd, Jordan Smith

3:03 a.m. — Denny McCarthy, Taylor Moore, Adrian Meronk

3:14 a.m. — Jason Day, Byeong Hun An, Rickie Fowler

3:25 a.m. — Alex Cejka, Eric Cole, Kurt Kitayama

3:36 a.m. — Darren Clarke, JT Poston, Dean Burmester

3:47 a.m. — Phil Mickelson, Joost Luiten, Dustin Johnson

4:03 a.m. — Padraig Harrington, Davis Thompson, Matthew Jordan

4:14 a.m. — Wyndham Clark, Hideki Matsuyama, Brooks Koepka

4:25 a.m. — Tiger Woods, Xander Schauffele, Patrick Cantlay

4:36 a.m. — Collin Morikawa, Sam Burns, Si Woo Kim

4:47 a.m. — Shane Lowry, Cameron Smith, Matt Fitzpatrick

4:58 a.m. — Jordan Spieth, Scottie Scheffler, Cameron Young

5:09 a.m. — Akshay Bhatia, Tom Hoge, Sami Valimaki

5:20 a.m. — Emiliano Grillo, Ben Griffin, Mackenzie Hughes

5:31 a.m. — Yannik Paul, Joe Dean, Andy Ogletree

5:42 a.m. — Ryan van Velzen, Charlie Lindh, Luis Masaveu (a)

5:53 a.m. — Kazuma Kobori, Jaime Montojo Fernandez (a), Liam Nolan (a)

6:04 a.m. — Daniel Brown, Denwit David Boriboonsub, Matthew Dodd-Berry (a)

6:15 a.m. — Jeunghun Wang, Aguri Iwasaki, Sam Horsfield

6:26 a.m. — Justin Leonard, Todd Hamilton, Jack McDonald

6:47 a.m. — Tom McKibbin, Alex Noren, Calum Scott (a)

6:58 a.m. — Jesper Svensson, Vincent Norrman, Michael Hendry

7:09 a.m. — Younghan Song, Daniel Hillier, Ryosuke Kinoshita

7:20 a.m. — Min Woo Lee, Ryo Hisatsune, Abraham Ancer

7:31 a.m. — Nicolai Hojgaard, Adam Scott, Keita Nakajima

7:42 a.m. — Francesco Molinari, Justin Rose, Jasper Stubbs (a)

7:53 a.m. — Justin Thomas, Sungjae Im, Matthew Southgate

8:04 a.m. — Nick Taylor, Matt Wallace, Laurie Canter

8:15 a.m. — Sebastian Soderberg, Matteo Manassero, Shubhankar Sharma

8:26 a.m. — Zach Johnson, Austin Eckroat, Thorbjorn Olesen

8:37 a.m. — John Daly, Santiago de la Fuente (a), Aaron Rai

8:48 a.m. — Stewart Cink, Chris Kirk, Dominic Clemons (a)

9:04 a.m. — Stephan Jaeger, Adam Schenk, Joaquin Niemann

9:15 a.m. — Adam Hadwin, Lucas Glover, Christiaan Bezuidenhout

9:26 a.m. — Tony Finau, Russell Henley, Matthieu Pavon

9:37 a.m. — Jon Rahm, Tommy Fleetwood, Robert MacIntyre

9:48 a.m. — Ludvig Åberg, Bryson DeChambeau, Tom Kim

9:59 a.m. — Brian Harman, Viktor Hovland, Sahith Theegala

10:10 a.m. — Rory McIlroy, Max Homa, Tyrrell Hatton

10:21 a.m. — Keegan Bradley, Will Zalatoris, Gordon Sargent (a)

10:32 a.m. — Harris English, Maverick McNealy, Alexander Bjork

10:43 a.m. — Guido Migliozzi, Sean Crocker, Tommy Morrison (a)

10:54 a.m. — David Puig, John Catlin, Guntaek Koh

11:05 a.m. — Thriston Lawrence, Daniel Bradbury, Elvis Smylie

11:16 a.m. — Nacho Elvira, Minkyu Kim, Darren Fichardt

11:27 a.m. – Mason Andersen, Masahiro Kawamura, Sam Hutsby

How to watch British Open on TV

The Open will be broadcast live on NBC and on USA Network, with coverage also on NBC's  Peacock  streaming service. The broadcast schedule is as follows (all times Eastern):

Round 2: Friday, July 19

• 1:30 a.m.- 4 a.m.: Peacock
• 4 a.m.-3 p.m.: USA Network
• 3 p.m.-4:15 p.m.: Peacock

Round 3: Saturday, July 20

• 5 a.m.-7 a.m.: Peacock
• 7 a.m.- 3 p.m.: NBC/Peacock

Round 4: Sunday, July 21

• 4 a.m.-7 a.m.: Peacock
• 7 a.m.- 2 p.m.: NBC/Peacock

How to stream British Open

Live coverage and featured groups can be followed on the live stream on  Peacock .

British Open leaderboard

• 1. Daniel Brown -6
• 2. Shane Lowry -5
• 3. Justin Thomas -3
• T4. Justin Rose -2
• T4. Joe Dean -2
• T4. Russell Henley -2
• T4. Nicolai Hojgaard -2
• T4. Xander Schauffele -2
• T4. Alex Noren -2
• T4. Mackenzie Hughes -2
• 7 others tied at -1

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