ruth's journey from moab to bethlehem

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• The Landscapes of Palestine
• The Rulers of Palestine
• The Climate of Palestine
• Major Jewish Religious Festivals
• What is the New Testament?
• Who wrote the Gospels?
• English Translations of the New Testament
• John's mission foretold
• The birth of John
• John's message
• John begins baptising
• John criticises Herod
• Was John the promised Elijah?
• Jesus's birth announced
• Mary & Joseph go to Bethlehem
• The birth of Jesus
• Shepherds visit the infant
• Jewish religious rituals
• Wise men visit Jerusalem
• The holy family flees to Egypt
• The holy family returns to Nazareth
• Jesus grows up
• Jesus starts his ministry
• Jesus is tempted
• Jesus returns to Galilee
• Jesus goes back to Nazareth
• Jesus travels to Jerusalem
• Jesus passes through Samaria
• Jesus performs healing miracles
• Jesus teaches in Capernaum
• Jesus's teachings on a hillside
• Jesus upsets the Pharisees
• Jesus crosses the Sea of Galilee
• Jesus heals & teaches in Jerusalem
• Jesus teaches how to receive the Holy Spirit
• Jesus journeys among the Gentiles
• Jesus walks on the Sea of Galilee
• Jesus in Tyre and Sidon
• Who is Jesus?
• Jesus is changed on the slopes of Mount Hermon
• Jesus pays the Temple Tax
• Jesus claims God's personal name
• The Parable of the Good Samaritan
• The Parable of the Prodigal Son
• Lazarus, Come out!
• Jesus's entry into Jerusalem
• Jesus curses a fig tree
• Jesus heralds the end of the sacrificial system
• Jesus in Jerusalem during Passover week
• The Parable of the Sheep & the Goats
• Paying taxes to Caesar
• Jesus is betrayed
• The Last Supper
• Jesus crosses the Kidron Valley
• Jesus is arrested
• Jesus is taken to the Praetorium
• Jesus is tried by Pilate
• The death of Judas
• Jesus is executed by crucifixion
• The Pharisees mount a guard on the tomb
• Jesus rises from the tomb
• Jesus appears to his followers
• Jesus is taken into God's presence
• Jesus appears to Peter, James & Paul
• Who were Jesus's followers?
• The believers are filled with the Holy Spirit
• Peter & John heal a crippled man
• The believers share their possessions
• Opposition in Jerusalem
• Stephen is killed & the believers are scattered
• Philip's Journeys
• Peter's Journeys
• Peter hands over the leadership to James
• The Gentile Church at Antioch
• Saul's Early Life
• Saul persecutes the believers
• The beginning of Saul's ministry
• Saul & Barnabas in Antioch & Jerusalem
• Paul starts his 1st Missionary Journey
• Paul, Barnabas & Mark in Cyprus
• Paul, Barnabas & Mark sail to Pamphylia
• Paul & Barnabas travel inland
• Paul & Barnabas in Iconium
• Paul & Barnabas in Lystra
• Paul & Barnabas return to Perga
• Paul & Barnabas return to Antioch in Syria
• Paul & Barnabas attend the Council of Jerusalem
• Paul & Barnabas take the decision to Antioch
• Paul starts his 2nd Missionary Journey
• Paul travels to Troas
• Paul sails across to Europe
• Paul arrives in Philippi
• Paul travels to Amphipolis & Apollonia
• Paul in Thessalonica
• Paul in Berea
• Paul in Athens
• Paul in Corinth
• Paul returns to Jerusalem
• Paul starts his 3rd Missionary Journey
• The Ephesians are filled with the Holy Spirit
• The silversmiths riot in Ephesus
• Paul travels to Corinth
• Paul returns to Macedonia
• Eutychus falls from a window in Troas
• Paul leaves for Assos
• Paul sails to Miletus
• Paul visits Cos and Rhodes
• Paul visits Philip in Caesarea
• Paul meets violent opposition in Jerusalem
• Paul addresses the crowds
• Paul in Caesarea
• Paul appeals to Emperor Nero
• Paul sets sail for Rome
• Paul is shipwrecked
• Paul in Malta
• Paul heads for Rome
• An Introduction to Paul's Letters
• Paul's Letter to Galatia
• Paul explains his personal background
• Alive in Christ
• Set free from Slavery
• The Fruit of the Spirit
• Paul's 1st Letter to Thessalonica
• Paul hopes to visit Thessalonica
• The Day of the Lord
• How Christians should behave
• Paul's 2nd Letter to Thessalonica
• The coming Day of the Lord
• Saved by the power of the Holy Spirit
• Paul's 1st Letter to Corinth
• The Holy Spirit helps us understand
• Temples of the Holy Spirit
• Advice on Marriage & Relationships
• Running the Race of Life
• The Lord's Supper
• Spiritual Gifts
• Worship in the early church
• The risen Lord Jesus appears to his followers
• Paul's 2nd Letter to Corinth
• Paul explains his revised plans
• Christ's Victory Parade & the New Covenant
• How God changes lives
• Paul's plans for the future
• Paul defends himself against criticism
• Paul's weaknesses
• Paul's Letter to Rome
• How to be put right with God
• God's covenant promise fulfilled
• New life in the power of the Holy Spirit
• Persecution by the Jews
• Paul's mission
• Paul's Letter to Ephesus
• God's secret plan
• The new life
• The armour of God
• Paul's Letter to Colossae
• Jesus is exactly like God
• Saved by Christ's death
• Practical advice for believers
• Paul's Letter to Philemon at Colossae
• Paul's Letter to Philippi
• To live is Christ
• Warnings about the Jewish Law
• Introduction to Paul's Pastoral Letters
• Paul's 4th Missionary Journey
• Paul's 1st Letter to Timothy in Ephesus
• Worship among the believers
• Holding onto the truth
• Paul's Letter to Titus in Crete
• Appointing Church Leaders
• Paul's 2nd Letter to Timothy at Ephesus
• The 'last days'
• Paul's Final Sacrifice
• The Letter to the Jewish believers
• God speaks through the prophets & Jesus
• Jesus is greater than Moses
• Jesus speaks to God for believers
• Jesus - a priest like Melchizedek
• The New Covenant agreement
• God does not want animal sacrifices
• Having faith
• Looking forwards, not backwards
• The General Letters: James, Jude, Peter & John
• The Letter of James to the Jewish believers
• Faith without actions is worthless
• The power of words
• The Letter of Jude to the Jewish believers
• Signs of 'the last days'
• The 1st Letter of Peter to the Jewish believers
• The living hope
• Living stones
• Baptism & the flood
• The 2nd Letter of Peter to the Jewish believers
• Peter speaks out against immorality
• The 'Last Days' & The 'Day of the Lord'
• Introduction to John & his 3 Letters
• The 1st Letter of John
• The 'logos' of God
• The 'new' commandment
• The last days
• Filled with the Holy Spirit
• Love one another
• God's love drives away fear
• The 2nd Letter of John
• The 3rd Letter of John
• Introduction to the Revelation of John
• John's Letter to the 7 Churches of Asia Minor
• The messages to the believers on the coastal plain
• The messages to the believers living inland
• John's vision of God's heavenly rule
• The satan's rebellion against God
• The downfall of Rome & it's empire
• The resurrection of the dead
• The final judgement
• The new heaven & the new earth
• Introduction to the Romano-Jewish world
• Roman Emperors in the New Testament
• Jewish Religious Leaders
• New Testament Languages
• Jewish & Greek Names
• Jewish & Roman Currency
• Jewish Nationalists
• The Romano-Jewish War
• Constantine & the Helena Churches
• Ecumenical Church Councils
• Palestine - A Land Bridge
• Routes across Palestine
• The River Jordan
• Ancient Israel
• The Message of the Old Testament
• Who wrote the Old Testament?
• Dating events in the Old Testament
• The Biblical account of Creation
• Adam's Journey from the Garden of Eden
• Cain is sent on a journey to the east of Eden
• Enoch founds a city in Mesopotamia
• Noah journeys to Aratta on the flood
• The Colonisation of the Ancient World
• The Tower of Babylonia
• Abram's Journey to Canaan
• Abram settles in Canaan
• Abram travels north to rescue Lot
• The birth of Ishmael
• Sodom and Gomorrah are destroyed
• Abraham journeys south and Isaac is born
• Abraham's sacrifice on Mount Moriah
• Abraham's wife dies at Hebron
• Abraham seeks a wife for Isaac
• Abraham dies at Hebron
• Isaac moves to Beersheba
• Jacob cheats Esau and flees to Mesopotamia
• Jacob returns to Canaan and meets Esau
• God blesses Jacob at Bethel
• Joseph is sold into slavery in Egypt
• Joseph becomes Vizier of Egypt
• Jacob's family joins Joseph in Egypt
• The Israelites in Egypt
• Prince Moses escapes to Midian
• Moses is called by God at Mt Sinai
• Egypt suffers ten plagues
• The Israelites flee from Egypt
• The Israelites cross the Sea of Reeds
• Moses receives the Ten Commandments
• Moses constructs the Ark of the Covenant
• The Israelites rebel against God
• The Israelites are counted
• Hardships encountered in the desert
• Moses sends spies into Canaan
• Korah leads a rebellion against Moses
• The Israelites remain at Kadesh Barnea
• The Israelites attempt to enter Canaan
• The Israelites journey north to Moab
• The Israelites defeat King Sihon and King Og
• Balaam blesses the Israelites
• The Israelites defeat the kings of Midian
• The boundaries of Canaan are agreed
• More laws and religious practices
• Moses dies at Mount Nebo
• The Israelites cross the River Jordan
• The Israelites conquer Jericho and Ai
• Joshua builds an altar at Mt Ebal
• Joshua is deceived by the Hivites
• Joshua conquers the Southern Cities
• Joshua embarks on the Northern Campaign
• Canaan is divided among the twelve tribes
• Six Cities of Refuge are set up
• Joshua says farewell
• The Israelites fight the remaining Canaanites
• God appoints inspirational leaders
• Israel under the 'judges': Othniel and Ehud
• Deborah and Barak defeat Sisera
• Gideon defeats the Midianites
• Abimelech becomes king
• Jephthah defeats the Ammonites
• Samson challenges the Philistines
• The conquest of Laish
• Gibeah is destroyed & the Benjamites punished
• Job is faced with adversity

Ruth's journey to Bethlehem

• Samuel is taken to Shiloh
• The Ark of the Covenant is captured at Aphek
• The Ark is taken to Ashdod
• The Ark is moved to Ekron
• The Ark is returned to the Israelites
• Samuel administers justice from Ramah
• Saul's Journey to Kingship
• Jonathan demolishes the Philistine pillar at Geba
• Samuel condemns Saul at Gilgal
• David defeats Goliath of Gath
• Saul becomes jealous of David
• Samuel dies and is buried at Ramah
• David marries Abigail
• Saul is killed by the Philistines at Mt Gilboa
• David becomes King of Judah and Israel
• David captures Jerusalem
• The Ark of the Covenant is brought to Jerusalem
• David's victories over Israel's neighbours
• David's affair with Bathsheba
• Absalom's flight & his rebellion against David
• Further events during David's reign
• Solomon succeeds his father David
• Solomon's alliance with Egypt
• Solomon builds the Temple in Jerusalem
• Solomon builds a palace and furnishes the Temple
• The Ark of the Covenant is installed in the Temple
• Solomon rebuilds the cities of Israel
• Solomon's overseas trading expeditions
• The Queen of Sheba travels to Jerusalem
• Solomon builds a network of chariot cities
• Solomon turns away from God
• Solomon dies and the kingdom is divided
• Jeroboam builds temples to worship Baal
• Israel and Judah fight each other
• Israel descends into civil war
• Jezebel kills the prophets & Elijah escapes
• Elijah challenges the prophets of Baal
• Elijah organises the opposition to King Ahab
• King Ahab seizes Naboth's vineyard
• Elijah is taken up to heaven
• Elisha performs miracles and healings
• Elisha displays spiritual gifts
• Jehu races to Jezreel to depose King Joram
• King Joash repairs the Temple in Jerusalem
• Pharaoh Shoshenk I rescues Israel
• Jeroboam II restores the boundaries of Israel
• Tiglath-Pileser of Assyria invades Israel
• Israel falls & the exiles are led to Assyria
• Assyrians settle in Samaria
• King Hezekiah of Judah rebels against Assyria
• Sennacherib attacks and destroys Lachish
• Isaiah prophesies the destruction of Judah
• King Josiah ushers in religious reforms
• Assyria is conquered by the Babylonians
• King Nebuchadnezzar of Babylon invades Judah
• Jerusalem falls and the exile in Babylon begins
• Biblical sources relating to Judah in exile
• The middle years of exile (586-539BC)
• Daniel interprets dreams and riddles
• Daniel's vision of the 'Son of Man'
• Daniel's vision of the 'end times'
• The later years of exile & the return to Judah
• The completion of the Second Temple in Jerusalem
• A third group of exiles returns with Ezra
• A fourth group of exiles returns with Nehemiah
• Nehemiah becomes Governor of Judah
• The people renew their covenant with God
• Jerusalem's new walls are dedicated
• Esther becomes Queen of Persia
• Mordecai uncovers a plot to kill the king
• The origin of the Jewish festival of Purim
• What are the Psalms?
• Some psalms of King David
• Songs of Praise and Despair
• Later psalms ... and the earliest
• Some Memorable Sayings
• The wisdom of Solomon's words
• The Ways of the LORD
• Quarrelling, drinking & gossiping
• The Philosopher
• More wise words from the Philosopher
• More from the Lovers
• Love is as strong as death
• The Mourner
• The LORD's love and mercy continue
• Introduction to the Old Testament Prophets
• Introduction to the Book of Amos
• Amos denounces social injustice in Israel
• Introduction to Hosea's prophesy
• Hosea laments the unfaithfulness of Israel
• The Lord promises to punish Israel
• Introduction to Micah's prophesy
• Micah decries social injustice in Israel and Judah
• Introduction to the Book of Isaiah
• Prophecies written before the fall of Jerusalem
• Isaiah predicts a future golden age
• Isaiah reassures King Ahaz of God's support
• Troubled times and a glorious future kingdom
• Isaiah foresees the return of the exiles
• Isaiah warns of six catastrophes
• The final years before the fall of Judah
• Words of comfort after the fall of Jerusalem
• The LORD will help Israel
• God chooses Cyrus to save his people
• The suffering servant of the LORD
• Encouragement for those in exile
• Those returning are encouraged to follow the LORD
• The LORD's blessing will rest on Jerusalem
• Introduction to the Book of Jonah
• Jonah is thrown overboard to appease the gods
• Jonah arrives at Nineveh
• Introduction to the Book of Nahum
• Nahum predicts the fall of Nineveh
• Introduction to the Book of Jeremiah
• Jeremiah says idolatry will bring Judah's fall
• Jeremiah prophesies the destruction of Jerusalem
• Jeremiah calls for repentance
• Plots are hatched against Jeremiah
• Jeremiah is beaten and arrested
• Jeremiah is charged with treason
• Words of hope and consolation
• Miscellaneous flashbacks to earlier times
• Jeremiah attempts to leave Jerusalem
• Jerusalem falls to the Babylonians
• Gedeliah is murdered & Jeremiah goes to Egypt
• Jeremiah sees disaster in Egypt
• Messages to the surrounding nations
• Introduction to the Book of Zephaniah
• Zephaniah warns of the punishment of Judah
• Introduction to the Book of Habakkuk
• Habakkuk asks why the cruel Babylonians succeed
• Introduction to the Book of Ezekiel
• Ezekiel is called to be a prophet
• Ezekiel's vision of idolatry in the Temple
• Ezekiel speaks through prophesies and parables
• Ezekiel's message of impending doom
• Further prophecies & the fall of Jerusalem
• Hope for the future - New life for Israel
• The defeat of Gog and Magog
• Ezekiel's vision of the New Jerusalem
• Ezekiel sees the glory of the LORD
• The restored land of Israel
• Introduction to the prophecy of Obadiah
• Obadiah prophesies the resurgence of Israel
• Introduction to the Book of Haggai
• Haggai urges the exiles to re-build the Temple
• Introduction to the Book of Zechariah
• Zechariah has visions of horses & horns
• The vision of the measuring line
• Further visions about Jerusalem
• The LORD promises to restore Jerusalem
• Prophesies about the coming of the Messiah
• Prophesies about the Last Days
• An Introduction to the Book of Malachi
• Malachi announces the Day of the LORD
• God promises to send Elijah
• Introduction to the Book of Joel
• Joel foresees the Day of the LORD
• The Names of the God of Israel
• Foreign gods
• Pharaohs of the Old Testament
• The Old Testament & the Jewish Tanakh
• Sources of the History of Israel and Judah
• The Dead Sea Scrolls
• Between the Old and the New Testaments
• The Old Covenant & The New Covenant
• Who is my neighbour?
• Seeking revenge or Offering forgiveness?
• The Commandments - Impossible to keep?
• Was Jesus the Jewish Messiah?
• Was Jesus an outspoken rabbi or was he God?
• How to get right with God: Sacrifice or Faith?
• How to get right with God: By water or the Spirit?
• The power of the Holy Spirit - for everyone?
• A new nation? Or eternal life in God's kingdom?
• 1. From Cain & Abel to the Judges
• 2. From the Kingdom of Israel to the Exile
• 3. From the Exile to the Birth of Jesus
• 4. From the Birth to the Death of Jesus
• 5. From Acts of the Apostles to John's Revelation
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• 1 Jan. John 2:1-11
• 2 Jan. Luke 4:14-30
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• 7 Jan. John 4:7-13
• 8 Jan. John 4:15-26
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• 10 Jan. John 4:43-53
• 11 Jan. Luke 7:11-17
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• 13 Jan. Mark 1:21-27
• 14 Jan. Mark 1:29-34
• 15 Jan. Mark 1:35-42
• 16 Jan. Matthew 4:25 - 5:10
• 17 Jan. Matthew 5:13
• 18 Jan. Matthew 5:14-16
• 19 Jan. Matthew 5:38-48
• 20 Jan. Matthew 6:5-13
• 21 Jan. Matthew 6:19-24
• 22 Jan. Matthew 7:1-5
• 23 Jan. Matthew 7:7-12
• 24 Jan. Matthew 7:13-14
• 25 Jan. Matthew 7:24-29
• 26 Jan. Mark 2:1-6
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• 28 Jan. Mark 2:21-22
• 29 Jan. Mark 2:23-27
• 30 Jan. Mark 3:7-12
• 31 Jan. Mark 3:13-19
• 1 Feb. Mark 3:20-30
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• 4 Feb. Mark 4:35-41
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• 24 Feb. Mark 9:11-13
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• 27 Feb. Matthew 17:24-27
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• 26 Mar. Matthew 23:1-28
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• 2 Apr. Mark 14:1-9
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• 4 Apr. John 13:1-15
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• 6 Apr. John 14:1-11
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• 19 May. Acts 2:1-2,3:1-2,5:1-3,8:14-17
• 20 May. Acts 9:32-43
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• 27 May. Galatians 1:11-2:2
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• 1 June Acts 13:13
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• 3 June. Acts 14:1-7
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• 23 June. Acts 19:1-7
• 24 June. Acts 19:8-10
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• 26 June. Acts 19:23-20:1
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• 29 June. Acts 20:7-12
• 30 June. Acts 20:13-38
• 1 July Acts 21:1-7
• 2 July Acts 21:7-15
• 3 July Acts 21:17-26
• 4 July Acts 21:27-40
• 5 July Acts 22:1-29
• 6 July Acts 22:30-23:11
• 7 July Acts 23:12-32
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• 12 Sept. Romans 8:31-39
• 13 Sept. Romans 10:1-13
• 14 Sept. Romans 12:1-21
• 15 Sept. Romans 13:1-10
• 16 Sept. Romans 14:1-12
• 17 Sept. Romans 15:1-33
• 18 Sept. Romans 16:1-27
• 19 Sept. Ephesians 1:1-10
• 20 Sept. Ephesians 1:11-22
• 21 Sept. Ephesians 2:1-10
• 22 Sept. Ephesians 2:11-22
• 23 Sept. Ephesians 3:1-13
• 24 Sept. Ephesians 3:14-21
• 25 Sept. Ephesians 4:1-16
• 26 Sept. Ephesians 4:17-32
• 27 Sept. Ephesians 5:1-20
• 28 Sept. Ephesians 5:21-33
• 29 Sept. Ephesians 6:1-9
• 30 Sept. Ephesians 6:10-18
• 1 Oct. Ephesians 6:18-24
• 2 Oct. Colossians 1:1-14
• 3 Oct. Colossians 1:15-23
• 4 Oct. Colossians 2:1-15
• 5 Oct. Colossians 2:16-23
• 6 Oct. Colossians 3:1-17
• 7 Oct. Colossians 3:18-4:6
• 8 Oct. Colossians 4:7-18
• 9 Oct. Philemon 1:1-7
• 10 Oct. Philemon 1:7-25
• 11 Oct. Philippians 1:1-11
• 12 Oct. Philippians 1:12-26
• 13 Oct. Philippians 2:1-18
• 14 Oct. Philippians 3:1-21
• 15 Oct. Philippians 4:1-23
• 16 Oct. 1 Timothy 1:1-7
• 17 Oct. 1 Timothy 1:12-20
• 18 Oct. 1 Timothy 2:1-15
• 19 Oct. 1 Timothy 3:1-13
• 20 Oct. 1 Timothy 4:1-16
• 21 Oct. 1 Timothy 5:1-22
• 22 Oct. 1 Timothy 6:3-21
• 23 Oct. Titus 1:1-14
• 24 Oct. Titus 2:1-15
• 25 Oct. Titus 3:1-15
• 26 Oct. 2 Timothy 1:1-18
• 27 Oct. 2 Timothy 2:1-26
• 28 Oct. 2 Timothy 3:1-17
• 29 Oct. 2 Timothy 4:6-22
• 30 Oct. James 1:1-21
• 31 Oct. James 2:14-19,4:11-12
• 1 Nov. Jude 1:1-24
• 2 Nov. 1 Peter 1:1-11
• 3 Nov. 1 Peter 2:1-10
• 4 Nov. 2 Peter 1:1-19
• 5 Nov. 2 Peter 3:1-16
• 6 Nov. 1 John 1:5-9
• 7 Nov. 1 John 1:1-4
• 8 Nov. 1 John 2:7-17
• 9 Nov. 1 John 2:18-19
• 10 Nov. 1 John 2:20-29
• 11 Nov. 1 John 3:11-24
• 12 Nov. 1 John 4:7-20
• 13 Nov. 2 John 1:1-13
• 14 Nov. 3 John 1:1-15
• 15 Nov. Revelation 1:1-11
• 16 Nov. Revelation 2:1-7
• 17 Nov. Revelation 2:8-11
• 18 Nov. Revelation 2:12-17
• 19 Nov. Revelation 2:18-27
• 20 Nov. Revelation 3:1-6
• 21 Nov. Revelation 3:7-13
• 22 Nov. Revelation 3:14-22
• 23 Nov. Revelation 4:1-11
• 24 Nov. Revelation 5:1-14
• 25 Nov. Revelation 6:1-17
• 26 Nov. Revelation 7:1-17
• 27 Nov. Revelation 12:1-9
• 28 Nov. Revelation 17:1-18:19
• 29 Nov. Revelation 20:1-15
• 30 Nov. Revelation 21:1-27
• 1 Dec. Luke 1:5-20
• 2 Dec. Luke 1:26,39-56
• 3 Dec. Luke 1:57-80
• 4 Dec. Luke 3:1-16
• 5 Dec. Luke 3:15-20
• 6 Dec. Mark 1:1-8
• 7 Dec. Matt 3:13-17, John 1:28-34
• 8 Dec. Mark 6:14-29
• 9 Dec. Matthew 11:2-15
• 10 Dec. Luke 1:26-38
• 11 Dec. Luke 2:1-5
• 12 Dec. Luke 2:6-7
• 13 Dec. Matthew 1:1-17,22-23
• 14 Dec. Luke 2:8-14
• 15 Dec. Luke 2:15-20
• 16 Dec. Luke 2:21-24
• 17 Dec. Luke 2:25-35
• 18 Dec. Matthew 2:1-6
• 19 Dec. Matthew 2:7-9
• 20 Dec. Matthew 2:10-12
• 21 Dec. Matthew 2:13-14
• 22 Dec. Matthew 2:14-15
• 23 Dec. Matthew 2:16-18
• 24 Dec. Matthew 2:19-23
• 25 Dec. John 1:1-14
• 26 Dec. Luke 2:40-43
• 27 Dec. Luke 2:43-52
• 28 Dec. Hebrews 1:1-4
• 29 Dec. Hebrews 3:1-4:1
• 30 Dec. Hebrews 4:14-5:6
• 31 Dec. Hebrews 9:1-5,11-15
• 1 Jan. Genesis 1:1 - 2:3
• 2 Jan. Genesis 2:4-24
• 3 Jan. Genesis 2:8-17
• 4 Jan. Genesis 3:1-23
• 5 Jan. Genesis 4:1-16
• 6 Jan. Genesis 4:17-26
• 7 Jan. Genesis 6:5-22
• 8 Jan. Genesis 7:11-24
• 9 Jan. Genesis 8:1-17
• 10 Jan. Genesis 9:1-16
• 11 Jan. Genesis 10:11-12,32
• 12 Jan. Genesis 11:1-9
• 13 Jan. Genesis 11:27&37,12:1-7
• 14 Jan. Genesis 12:6,8-20
• 15 Jan. Genesis 13:1-18
• 16 Jan. Genesis 14:8-20
• 17 Jan. Genesis 15:1-11,17-21
• 18 Jan. Genesis 16:1-16
• 19 Jan. Genesis 17:1-16
• 20 Jan. Genesis 18:1-16
• 21 Jan. Genesis 19:1-26
• 22 Jan. Genesis 21:1-21
• 23 Jan. Genesis 22:1-18
• 24 Jan. Genesis 23:1-19
• 25 Jan. Genesis 24:1-61
• 26 Jan. Genesis 24:61-67
• 27 Jan. Genesis 25:1-11
• 28 Jan. Genesis 25:19-21,24-34
• 29 Jan. Genesis 26:1-9,12-15,23-25
• 30 Jan. Genesis 27:1-23,30-33,42-45
• 31 Jan. Genesis 28:10-22
• 1 Feb. Genesis 29:1-30
• 2 Feb. Genesis 29:31-35,30:1-12,17-24
• 3 Feb. Genesis 30:25-43
• 4 Feb. Genesis 31:1-21
• 5 Feb. Genesis 31:25-55
• 6 Feb. Genesis 32:1-8,13,22-30
• 7 Feb. Genesis 33:1-11
• 8 Feb. Genesis 33:12-20
• 9 Feb. Genesis 35:1-7
• 10 Feb. Genesis 35:9-15
• 11 Feb. Genesis 35:16-21,27-29
• 12 Feb. Genesis 37:1-11
• 13 Feb. Genesis 37:12-24
• 14 Feb. Genesis 37:25-34
• 15 Feb. Genesis 39:1-6
• 16 Feb. Genesis 39:6-22
• 17 Feb. Genesis 40:1-23
• 18 Feb. Genesis 41:1-14
• 19 Feb. Genesis 41:15-37
• 20 Feb. Genesis 41:39-57
• 21 Feb. Genesis 42:1-38
• 22 Feb. Genesis 43:1-33
• 23 Feb. Genesis 45:1-28
• 24 Feb. Genesis 46:1-7,28-30
• 25 Feb. Genesis 47:1-7,11-12,27-31
• 26 Feb. Genesis 50:1-26
• 27 Feb. Exodus 1:1-14
• 28 Feb. Exodus 1:15-22
• 1 Mar. Exodus 2:1-10
• 2 Mar. Exodus 2:11-15
• 3 Mar. Exodus 2:16-22
• 4 Mar. Exodus 3:1-10
• 5 Mar. Exodus 3:11-20
• 6 Mar. Exodus 4:1-17
• 7 Mar. Exodus 4:18-31
• 8 Mar. Exodus 5:1-21
• 9 Mar. Exodus 5:22-6:9
• 10 Mar. Exodus 7:14-21
• 11 Mar. Exodus 11:1-10
• 12 Mar. Exodus 12:1-17
• 13 Mar. Exodus 12:21-30
• 14 Mar. Exodus 12:29-40
• 15 Mar. Exodus 13:17-14:4
• 16 Mar. Exodus 14:5-31
• 17 Mar. Exodus 15:1-27
• 18 Mar. Exodus 16:1-18,31
• 19 Mar. Exodus 17:1-7
• 20 Mar. Exodus 17:8-16
• 21 Mar. Exodus 18:1-27
• 22 Mar. Exodus 19:1-11,14-19
• 23 Mar. Exodus 20:1-20
• 24 Mar. Exodus 21:1-23:17
• 25 Mar. Exodus 24:12-18
• 26 Mar. Exodus 25:1-26,33
• 27 Mar. Exodus 32:1-20
• 28 Mar. Exodus 32:21-35
• 29 Mar. Exodus 34:1-22,27-29
• 30 Mar. Exodus 40:1-21,33-36
• 31 Mar. Leviticus 1;1-14:4
• 1 Apr. Numbers 1:1-2:34
• 2 Apr. Numbers 10:11-11:35
• 3 Apr. Numbers 12:1-16
• 4 Apr. Numbers 13:1-33
• 5 Apr. Numbers 14:1-38
• 6 Apr. Numbers 14:41-45
• 7 Apr. Numbers 16:1-40
• 8 Apr. Numbers 16:41-17:11
• 9 Apr. Numbers 20:1-13
• 10 Apr. Numbers 20:14-21:4
• 11 Apr. Numbers 21:4-9
• 12 Apr. Numbers 21:10-20
• 13 Apr. Numbers 21:21-35
• 14 Apr. Numbers 22:1-24:25
• 15 Apr. Numbers 25:1-18
• 16 Apr. Numbers 26:1-65
• 17 Apr. Numbers 27:12-23
• 18 Apr. Numbers 31:1-16,25-31
• 19 Apr. Numbers 32:1-38
• 20 Apr. Numbers 34:1-18,35:1-12
• 21 Apr. Deuteronomy 8:1-11
• 22 Apr. Deuteronomy 34:1-12
• 23 Apr. Joshua 1:1-18
• 24 Apr. Joshua 2:1-24
• 25 Apr. Joshua 3:1-17
• 26 Apr. Joshua 4:1-24,5:1
• 27 Apr. Joshua 6:1-27
• 28 Apr. Joshua 7:1-26
• 29 Apr. Joshua 8:1-29
• 30 Apr. Joshua 8:30-35
• 1 May. Joshua 9:1-27
• 2 May. Joshua 10:1-28
• 3 May. Joshua 10:29-43
• 4 May. Joshua 11:1-14
• 5 May. Joshua 13:1-8,14:1-4,18:1
• 6 May. Joshua 20:1-9
• 7 May. Joshua 22:1-16,21,28,30-34
• 8 May. Joshua 23:1-16,24:14-16,22-27
• 9 May. Joshua 24:29-33
• 10 May. Judges 1:1-11,17-19
• 11 May. Judges 2:1-5,10-15
• 12 May. Judges 2:16-23
• 13 May. Judges 3:5-11
• 14 May. Judges 3:12-30
• 15 May. Judges 4:1-24,5:31
• 16 May. Judges 6:1-27
• 17 May. Judges 6:33-40
• 18 May. Judges 7:1-25
• 19 May. Judges 8:4-28
• 20 May. Judges 8:29-9:21
• 21 May. Judges 9:22-49
• 22 May. Judges 9:50-57
• 23 May. Judges 10:1-16
• 24 May. Judges 10:17-11:33
• 25 May. Judges 11:30-31,34-40
• 26 May. Judges 12:1-6
• 27 May. Judges 12:7-15,13:1
• 28 May. Judges 13:2-25
• 29 May. Judges 14:1-11
• 30 May. Judges 14:12-20
• 31 May. Judges 15:1-8
• 1 June Judges 15:9-20
• 2 June Judges 16:1-3
• 3 June Judges 16:4-15
• 4 June Judges 16:16-31
• 5 June Judges 17:1-13
• 6 June Judges 18:1-31
• 7 June Judges 19:1-30
• 8 June Judges 20:1-48
• 9 June Judges 21:1-23
• 10 June Job 1:1-22
• 11 June Job 2:1-13
• 12 June Job 3:11-13:8
• 13 June Job 38:1-42:17
• 14 June Ruth 1:1-22
• 15 June Ruth 2:1-23
• 16 June Ruth 3:1-18
• 17 June Ruth 4:1-17
• 18 June 1 Samuel 1:1-20
• 19 June 1 Samuel 1:21-2:2
• 20 June 1 Samuel 2:11-12,18-26
• 21 June 1 Samuel 3:1-21
• 22 June 1 Samuel 4:1-18
• 23 June 1 Samuel 5:1-12
• 24 June 1 Samuel 6:1-21,7:1
• 25 June 1 Samuel 7:2-17
• 26 June 1 Samuel 8:1-22
• 27 June 1 Samuel 9:1-27,10:1
• 28 June 1 Samuel 10:1-11
• 29 June 1 Samuel 10:13-25
• 30 June 1 Samuel 11:1-15
• 1 July 1 Samuel 12:1-25
• 2 July 1 Samuel 13:2-7
• 3 July 1 Samuel 13:8-15
• 4 July 1 Samuel 14:1-23
• 5 July 1 Samuel 14:24-46
• 6 July 1 Samuel 14:47-15:9
• 7 July 1 Samuel 15:10-31
• 8 July 1 Samuel 16:1-13
• 9 July 1 Samuel 16:14-23
• 10 July 1 Samuel 17:1-52
• 11 July 1 Samuel 17:57-58,18:1-16
• 12 July 1 Samuel 18:17-29
• 13 July 1 Samuel 19:1-18
• 14 July 1 Samuel 20:1-47
• 15 July 1 Samuel 21:1-9
• 16 July 1 Samuel 21:10-11,22:1-5
• 17 July 1 Samuel 22:6-19
• 18 July 1 Samuel 23:1-13
• 19 July 1 Samuel 24:1-22
• 20 July 1 Samuel 25:1-44
• 21 July 1 Samuel 26:1-25
• 22 July 1 Samuel 27:1-12
• 23 July 1 Samuel 28:1-20
• 24 July 1 Samuel 29:1-11
• 25 July 1 Samuel 30:1-31
• 26 July 1 Samuel 31:1-13
• 27 July 2 Samuel 1:1-16
• 28 July 2 Samuel 2:1-7
• 29 July 2 Samuel 2:8-17
• 30 July 2 Samuel 3:1,6-21
• 31 July 2 Samuel 3:22-32
• 1 Aug. 2 Samuel 4:1-12
• 2 Aug. 2 Samuel 5:1-12
• 3 Aug. 2 Samuel 5:17-25
• 4 Aug. 2 Samuel 6:1-23
• 5 Aug. 2 Samuel 7:1-17
• 6 Aug. 2 Samuel 8:1-14
• 7 Aug. 2 Samuel 9:1-13
• 8 Aug. 2 Samuel 10:1-14
• 9 Aug. 2 Samuel 11:1-17,26-27
• 10 Aug. 2 Samuel 12:1-18
• 11 Aug. 2 Samuel 12:24-31
• 12 Aug. 2 Samuel 13:1-39
• 13 Aug. 2 Samuel 14:21-33
• 14 Aug. 2 Samuel 15:1-12
• 15 Aug. 2 Samuel 15:13-37
• 16 Aug. 2 Samuel 16:1-22
• 17 Aug. 2 Samuel 17:1-29
• 18 Aug. 2 Samuel 18:1-33
• 19 Aug. 2 Samuel 19:1-18
• 20 Aug. 1 Kings 1:5-27
• 21 Aug. 1 Kings 1:28-53
• 22 Aug. 1 Kings 2:1-12
• 23 Aug. 1 Kings 2:13-46
• 24 Aug. 1 Kings 3:1-15
• 25 Aug. 1 Kings 3:16-28
• 26 Aug. 1 Kings 4:7,20-34
• 27 Aug. 1 Kings 5:1-18
• 28 Aug. 1 Kings 6:1-22,38
• 29 Aug. 1 Kings 7:1-12
• 30 Aug. 1 Kings 7:13-30,37-38,45-46
• 31 Aug. 1 Kings 8:1-11
• 1 Sept. 1 Kings 8:22-34,54-57,62-63
• 2 Sept. 1 Kings 9:1-9
• 3 Sept. 1 Kings 10:1-10,13
• 4 Sept. 1 Kings 11:1-13
• 5 Sept. 1 Kings 11:14-40
• 6 Sept. 1 Kings 11:42-12:20
• 7 Sept. 1 Kings 12:25-33
• 8 Sept. 1 Kings 14:1-20
• 9 Sept. 1 Kings 14:21-31
• 10 Sept. 1 Kings 15:1-16
• 11 Sept. 1 Kings 15:25-29,17-24
• 12 Sept. 1 Kings 16:1-22
• 13 Sept. 1 Kings 16:23-28
• 14 Sept. 1 Kings 16:29-33
• 15 Sept. 1 Kings 17:1-16
• 16 Sept. 1 Kings 17:17-24
• 17 Sept. 1 Kings 18:1-9,15-21
• 18 Sept. 1 Kings 18:22-40
• 19 Sept. 1 Kings 18:41-46
• 20 Sept. 1 Kings 19:1-18
• 21 Sept. 1 Kings 19:19-21
• 22 Sept. 1 Kings 20:1-22
• 23 Sept. 1 Kings 21:1-16
• 24 Sept. 1 Kings 21:17-29
• 25 Sept. 1 Kings 22:1-40
• 26 Sept. 2 Kings 1:1-18
• 27 Sept. 2 Kings 2:1-15
• 28 Sept. 2 Kings 3:1-27
• 29 Sept. 2 Kings 2:19-22,4:1-7
• 30 Sept. 2 Kings 4:8-37
• 1 Oct. 2 Kings 4:38-44
• 2 Oct. 2 Kings 5:1-15
• 3 Oct. 2 Kings 6:8-23
• 4 Oct. 2 Kings 8:7-15
• 5 Oct. 2 Kings 9:1-25
• 6 Oct. 2 Kings 9:30-37
• 7 Oct. 2 Kings 12:1-12
• 8 Oct. 2 Kings 13:1-9
• 9 Oct. 2 Kings 13:14-21
• 10 Oct. 2 Kings 14:23-29
• 11 Oct. 2 Kings 15:19-20,16:15-18
• 12 Oct. 2 Kings 17:1-18
• 13 Oct. 2 Kings 17:24-34
• 14 Oct. 2 Kings 18:1-8
• 15 Oct. 2 Kings 18:13-21,28-31,36
• 16 Oct. 2 Kings 19:1-10,19-20,32-36
• 17 Oct. 2 Kings 20:1-11
• 18 Oct. 2 Kings 20:12-21
• 19 Oct. 2 Kings 22:1-13
• 20 Oct. 2 Kings 23:1-4,8-11,21-25
• 21 Oct. 2 Kings 23:29-37
• 22 Oct. 2 Kings 24:1-7
• 23 Oct. 2 Kings 24:8-18
• 24 Oct. 2 Kings 25:1-21
• 25 Oct. Daniel 1:1-17
• 26 Oct. Daniel 3:9-15,19-20,24-30
• 27 Oct. Daniel 5:1-13,16-18,20-31
• 28 Oct. Daniel 6:1-11,16-17,19-23
• 29 Oct. Daniel 7:1-9,11-14,16-18
• 30 Oct. Daniel 11:1-9
• 31 Oct. Daniel 12:1-13
• 1 Nov. Ezra 1:1-11
• 2 Nov. Ezra 2:1-70
• 3 Nov. Ezra 3:1-13
• 4 Nov. Ezra 4:1-13,19-21
• 5 Nov. Ezra 5:1-9,6:1-4.13-22
• 6 Nov. Ezra 7:1-6,11-23,8:31-36
• 7 Nov. Nehemiah 1:1-4,2:1-10
• 8 Nov. Nehemiah 2:11-20
• 9 Nov. Nehemiah 4:1-23
• 10 Nov. Nehemiah 5:1-16,6:1-3,15-16
• 11 Nov. Nehemiah 8:1-12
• 12 Nov. Nehemiah 12:27-43
• 13 Nov. Esther 2:1-18
• 14 Nov. Esther 2:19-23
• 15 Nov. Esther 3:1-13
• 16 Nov. Esther 4:1-16
• 17 Nov. Esther 5:1-14
• 18 Nov. Esther 6:1-14
• 19 Nov. Esther 7:1-10
• 20 Nov. Esther 8:1-14
• 21 Nov. Esther 9:1-17,24-28
• 22 Nov. Amos 1:1-15,2:1-2
• 23 Nov. Amos 5:1-7,10-15
• 24 Nov. Hosea 1:1-11
• 25 Nov. Hosea 9:1-9
• 26 Nov. Micah 1:1-9
• 27 Nov. Micah 4:1-5,5:1-5
• 28 Nov. Isaiah 1:1-7,11-20
• 29 Nov. Isaiah 7:1-17,8:3-4
• 30 Nov. Isaiah 9:1-7
• 1 Dec. Isaiah 10:28-34,11:1-10
• 2 Dec. Isaiah 40:1-11
• 3 Dec. Isaiah 44:1-11
• 4 Dec. Isaiah 45:1-7,13-17
• 5 Dec. Isaiah 52:13-15,53:1-12
• 6 Dec. Isaiah 60:1-14
• 7 Dec. Nahum 2:1-13
• 8 Dec. Jeremiah 6:1-8,13-23
• 9 Dec. Jeremiah 7:1-11
• 10 Dec. Jeremiah 18:1-12
• 11 Dec. Jeremiah 19:1-13
• 12 Dec. Jeremiah 23:1-8
• 13 Dec. Jeremiah 26:1-15
• 14 Dec. Jeremiah 29:1-12
• 15 Dec. Zephaniah 1:1-13
• 16 Dec. Habakkuk 1:1-13
• 17 Dec. Ezekiel 1:1-17,22-28
• 18 Dec. Ezekiel 10:1-19,11:22-24
• 19 Dec. Ezekiel 17:1-10
• 20 Dec. Ezekiel 33:21-26,34:1-24
• 21 Dec. Ezekiel 37:1-14
• 22 Dec. Ezekiel 40:1-31
• 23 Dec. Ezekiel 43:1-12
• 24 Dec. Obadiah 1:1-11
• 25 Dec. Haggai 1:1-15
• 26 Dec. Zechariah 1:1-6
• 27 Dec. Zechariah 9:9-17
• 28 Dec. Zechariah 14:1-11
• 29 Dec. Malachi 3:1-5,4:1-6
• 30 Dec. Joel 2:1-11
• 31 Dec. Joel 2:25-32
• Bible Journey 2
• 22. The World of the Old Testament Journeys
• 23.The Journeys of Adam, Enoch, Noah & Abraham
• 24. The Journeys of Isaac, Jacob & Joseph
• 25. The Israelites journey from Egypt to Mt Sinai
• 26. The Journey continues from Sinai to Moab
• 27. The Israelites move into Canaan
• 28. The Israelites face continuing opposition
• 29. The Journeys of Ruth and Samuel
• 30. Israel becomes a kingdom under Saul and David
• 31. The Golden Age of Israel under King Solomon
• 32. The Divided Kingdom & Journey into Exile
• 33. Judah after the fall of Israel
• 34. Judah in exile in Babylonia
• 35. The Exiles return to Judah
• 36. Songs, Prayers & Memorable Sayings
• 37. The Philosopher, the Lover & the Mourner
• 38. Amos, Hosea & Micah criticize Israel
• 39. Isaiah predicts the fall of Israel & Judah
• 40. Isaiah offers comfort to those in exile
• 41. Jonah goes to Nineveh & Nahum condemns it
• 42. Jeremiah warns of the destruction of Jerusalem
• 43. Zephaniah & Habakkuk foretell Judah's fall
• 44. Ezekiel warns of the conquest of Jerusalem
• 45. Obadiah foretells the punishment of Edom
• 46. Haggai & Zechariah encourage re-building
• 47. Malachi & Joel await the Day of the LORD
• 48. The Jewish World of the Old Testament
• 49. Judaism and Christianity compared

Ruth 1:1-5    Towards the end of the period of the ‘Judges’, during seventy years of Philistine rule in c.1060BC, there is a severe famine in Canaan . Two Israelites, Elimelech and his wife Naomi, travel east from Bethlehem in Judah, cross the River Jordan and settle in the land of Moab  (see 1 on Map 52 ). Some time later, Elimelech dies, and their two sons marry Moabite women. About ten years later, both the sons also die.

Map 52   Ruth's journey to Bethlehem

Ruth 1:6-18    Naomi decides to return alone to Bethlehem from Moab in c.1050BC, but one of her daughters-in-law, Ruth (a Moabite), is determined to go with her and care for her (see 2 on Map 52 ).

Ruth 1:19-22    The two women arrive in Bethlehem (meaning ‘house of bread’) at the start of the barley harvest in April. Barley was used to make bread.

Ruth 2:1-23    Ruth goes to pick up leftover grain in a field belonging to a relative of Naomi (see Leviticus 19:9-10). She gains the favour of Boaz, the landowner, who has heard about her kindness to Naomi.

Ruth 3:1-18    Ruth seeks out Boaz under cover of darkness. Boaz is fast asleep after winnowing barley on the threshing floor. He awakes to find Ruth at his feet. As a relative, Boaz agrees to help Ruth and Naomi by buying a plot of land which belonged to Naomi’s husband Elimelech (see Leviticus 25:25).

Ruth 4:1-12    To fulfil the laws of inheritance, another kinsman – who is more closely related to Ruth than Boaz – is given the option of buying the land, but he cannot afford it. So Boaz buys the land from Naomi and then marries Ruth in order to keep the ownership of the land within Elimelech’s family.

Ruth 4:13-22    Ruth and Boaz have a son, Obed. He becomes the father of Jesse, the father of King David. In due course, Bethlehem becomes the ‘City of David’.

View overlooking Bethlehem  (Maysa Al Shaer)  

Bethlehem has a long history whose significance stretches back far before the birth of Jesus Christ.

Towards the end of the period of the Judges, in c.1060BC, Ruth and her mother-in-law Naomi returned across the River Jordan from Moab to Bethlehem . Ruth worked in the field belonging to her relative Boaz and ultimately became his wife. The reputed site of this field – the Field of Ruth - can still be seen at Beit Sahur (‘Village of the shepherds’) near Bethlehem .

Bethlehem is also the site of the tomb of Rachel, the wife of Jacob, who had died here about six hundred years earlier, in c.1690 BC. Rachel’s tomb can still be visited today, on the main road leading from Jerusalem to Bethlehem .

Almost a thousand years after the death of Rachel (see Genesis 35:16-20), the prophet Micah, writing between 747BC and 722BC, declared, “But you, Bethlehem Ephrathah , though you are too small to be among the army groups from  Judah , from you will come one who will rule  Israel for me” (Micah 5:2). This prophesy was fulfilled seven hundred years later when Jesus – a descendent of Isaac, Jacob and Judah, and of Ruth and Boaz - was born at Bethlehem in Judaea (see Matthew 1:2 & 5 and Genesis 49:10).

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Ruth and Naomi: Follow Their Path from Bethlehem to Moab on a Biblical Journey

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An authentic Bible tour is exemplified by putting yourself in the shoes of Biblical people who once walked on the very same ground. Travel the distance from Bethlehem to Moab in the Footsteps of Ruth and Naomi and experience the Biblical narrative come alive as you take the same journey!

As you travel on an Israel tour from Bethlehem to Moab, a mountainous strip of land in Jordan, you can imagine Ruth and Naomi traveling the same 50 miles of rugged and steep terrain. Although it is a short trip today, it would have taken Ruth and Naomi 7-10 days on foot. We know from the Book of Ruth that they took this trip 2 times. Once in haste with their husbands, to find bread in Moab and once alone in Naomi’s bitterness, after both of their husbands died in Moab (along with Naomi’s other son).

What does “Mara” Mean?

After Naomi lost both of her sons and husband in Moab, she says in Ruth 1:20, “Don’t call me Naomi, call me Mara, because the Almighty has made my life very bitter.” The word Mara is a form of Marah , meaning “a bitter place in the desert.” We see in the Word that Moses threw wood into the bitter water of Marah and it was made sweet (Exodus 15:22-26). It is the same with Jesus. Through his death on the cross, a bitter soul is made sweet through redemption.

Explore the Biblical Passage of Ruth On-Site in Israel

So, as we make our way from Bethlehem to Moab on an Israel tour, we can take a moment to visualize the journey of Ruth and Naomi. We can also dwell in thankfulness that when we say our name is “bitter,” God says there is a Redeemer. His name is Jesus Christ.

Have any questions about what to expect on a Living Passages trip or need help finding the perfect tour or cruise? Call us at 1-888-771-8717 or write us at [email protected] for more information!

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The Book of Ruth 1300 BC Timeline, maps, chronology, sermons of Ruth

The Book of Ruth

(Harmony of Judges, Othniel, Ehud, Ruth)

Other related outlines:

1.       Harmony of Othniel, Ehud, Judges 17-18, Judges 19-21 and Ruth

2.       Book of Ruth : Ruth and Boaz lived in the time of Ehud: 1300 BC

3.       Chronology of the book of Judges solved

Introduction:

1.        The book of Ruth is the story of a sinful lost family who is falling away from the one true God who shows mercy and grace and brings them back from oblivion and condemnation to the honour of being a direct ancestor of Christ.

2.        Naomi and her husband Elimelech and their two sons each owned considerable farmland in Bethlehem area. A famine caused by a drought, forces them to leave Israel and move to pagan Moab.

A.     Dating and Authorship:

1.        The date and author of the book is unknown and anything beyond this is speculation.

a.        However, we speculation it was Solomon who wrote Ecclesiastes and Song of Solomon.

b.       Just as Solomon had to "eat crow" in writing the book of Song of Solomon wherein he gets dumped by the hottie Shunamite for a shepherd boy, so too the story of pure monogamous love between Ruth and Boaz his grandfather, stands in sharp contrast to his polytheism.

2.        The book was clearly written as a way of establishing the history of David and therefore was likely written sometime during the reign of David or Solomon. (1021-924 BC)

a.        It makes sense that Solomon wrote it in order to validate his throne and ancestor through his father.

b.       Therefore the date that the book of Ruth was written would be between 964 - 924 BC

B.     We have five methods to determine when Ruth lived:

1.        If we use averages in numbers of 14 generations we arrive at 1295 BC for the general time of Ruth. Calculations as follows:

a.        "Thus there were fourteen generations in all from Abraham to David, fourteen from David to the exile to Babylon, and fourteen from the exile to the Christ." (Mt 1:18)

b.       Abraham to David are 13 actual generations, Hebrew inclusive counting started with Abraham as 1, rather than 0:

                                                               i.        Birth of Abraham: 2160 BC - Birth of David: 1034 = 1126 years for 13 generations

                                                             ii.       87 average years per generation

                                                            iii.       times 3 generations back to Ruth: 87 years x 3 generations = 261 years before David is born.

                                                           iv.       David born in 1034 BC + 261 years for three generations = 1295 BC

c.        So using the average number of years between generations, amazingly brings us to the time of Ehud in 1295 BC.

d.       It may surprise the reader to learn that the average age when children were born to parents was 87 years. However, this may be more an insight into male fertility at an old age, than of women. These older men apparently had younger wives who bore them children.

2.        We know that Ruth is the great-grandmother of David.

a.        Three generations from Ruth/Boaz to David:

                                                               i.       "and to Salmon was born Boaz, and to Boaz, Obed ,

                                                             ii.        and to Obed was born Jesse ,

                                                            iii.       and to Jesse, David ." (Ruth 4:21-22)

b.       Ruth was David's great grandmother

c.        Ruth + Boaz get married 1283 BC

d.       Obed, son of Ruth in 1207 BC

e.       Jesse, son of Obed, father of David

f.         David, son of Jesse, Great grandson of Ruth

3.        Ruth was young when she married and Naomi was old when Obed was born: Ruth 4:13-15: "So Boaz took Ruth, and she became his wife, and he went in to her. And the Lord enabled her to conceive , and she gave birth to a son. Then the women said to Naomi, "Blessed is the Lord who has not left you without a redeemer today, and may his name become famous in Israel. "May he also be to you a restorer of life and a sustainer of your old age ; for your daughter-in-law, who loves you and is better to you than seven sons, has given birth to him." (Ruth 4:13-15)

a.        Naomi stated she was too old to have a husband at the time she left Moab for Bethlehem. Therefore, Naomi was likely 45-60 years old at this time. Given Ruth was young, likely 15-25.

b.       Ruth is described as a young woman twice by Boaz when he asks "whose young woman is this?" and then later he praised her that she did not go after young men.

c.        Ruth is a young woman when she married her Moabite husband and was without any children when she returned to Bethlehem with Naomi.

d.       In 1283 BC Ruth would be 20-25 years old she marries Boaz.

e.       We have no idea when Obed was born, but it would be sometime in Naomi's old age before she died

f.         If Naomi lived to be 120, which was certainly not unusual for the time, then Obed would have born 1207 BC when Ruth was 90. Remember the average for 13 generations is 87 years.

g.        We have an indication that Ruth gave birth in her old age is the phrase in 4:13 "And the LORD enabled her to conceive".

                                                               i.       This indicates that her womb had been closed.

                                                             ii.       This may explain why she had no children from her first husband.

                                                            iii.       All the great women of history (Sarah, Rachael, Hanna) had historically important children in their old age because God had closed their wombs.

                                                           iv.       Therefore, the phrase that God enabled her to conceive is a clear indication she had the child in her old age.

h.       So Ruth was young when she got married and old when she had Obed.

i.          This places Obed's birth about 1207 BC.

4.        But the clincher that nails Ruth's marriage to Boaz around 1283 BC is the fact that Rahab the Harlot was Boaz's mother!

a.        " Salmon was the father of Boaz by Rahab , Boaz was the father of Obed by Ruth, and Obed the father of Jesse. Jesse was the father of David the king. David was the father of Solomon by Bathsheba who had been the wife of Uriah." (Matthew 1:5-6)

b.       Rahab the Harlot was a young prostitute in 1406 BC when Joshua sent spies to Jericho in Joshua 2.

c.        This is means that our date of 1280 BC for Ruth and Naomi moving back to Bethlehem from Moab is reasonable.

5.        The migrations of Naomi to Moab and back must coincide with a period of oppression followed by a period of liberation by a judge.

a.        After Ehud liberated Israel from Moab by killing Eglon, there was 80 years of peace followed by 20 years of oppression by Jabin, king of Hazor, until Deborah.

b.       Deborah liberated Israel from Jabin in 1184 BC.

c.        This is just too late for Rabab to be Ruth's mother in law.

d.       Therefore, the only liberation that fits the book of Ruth is Ehud in 1283 BC.

C.      Summary of dates and events:

1.        What we know for certain from these events and reasonable sure on the general dates:

a.        The oppression of Eglon, king of Moab was 1302-1284 BC

b.       We know Naomi left Bethlehem when Israel was under the curse of famine and Eglon was oppressing Israel.

c.        We know that Naomi lived in Moab for ten years when her two sons died and it was then, the returned to Bethlehem.

d.       We know Naomi returned to Bethlehem when the famine was over, because Israel had repented and Eglon was killed by Ehud. Naomi's two sons killed in the Ehud liberation against Moab in 1283 BC. (Judges 3) The ten years Naomi was in Moab ended when Eglon and her two sons were killed.

e.       We know there was an 80-year period of peace after Moabite oppression ended.

2.        Summary of dates:

a.        1350 Joshua dies

b.       1350-1342 BC oppression by Cushan-rishathaim king of Mesopotamia

c.        1342 Othniel defeats Mesopotamia and liberates Israel for 40 years.

d.       1342-1302 BC Peace in Israel for forty years.

e.       1340 BC Micah's idolatry is transplanted from the hills of Ephraim to Laish (Judges chapters 17-18)

f.         1302 BC oppression by Eglon, King of Moab begins for 18 years with his palace occupying the eastern third of Benjamin's land at the city of Palms near Jericho.

g.        1302 Famine in Bethlehem because of moral decay and idolatry. (Ruth 1:1)

h.       1294 Elimelech, Naomi and her two sons move from Bethlehem to Moab to escape the famine, even though they own considerable farmland. (Ruth 1:1; 4:9)

i.          1290 BC, Judah goes to war against Benjamin for sodomite depravity. (Judges 18-21) The famine in the land was because Israel was under a curse for the moral decay seen in Gibeah by the Benjaminites and for Idolatry.

j.         1290 BC, Naomi's two sons, Mahlon & Chilion marry Moabites in violation of the law of Moses. (Ruth 1:4). The Moabite wives (Ruth and Orpah) influenced their Jewish husbands to worship their idol gods and adopt Moabite custom and allegiance. We know this because when Orpah left, Naomi said: "Behold, your sister-in-law has gone back to her people and her gods" (Ruth 1:15)

k.        1290 BC Elimelech dies, likely stricken by God for abandoning his inheritance, allowing his two sons to marry Moabites and not joining the battle against Benjamin in Judges 20. The entire town of Jabesh-Gilead were annihilated in Judges 21:8, for failing to join Israel in the war against Benjamin. Elimelech therefore probably suffered the same fate as the Jabesh-Gilead for the same reason, except it was God that killed him, not man.

l.          1283 BC Israel repents after the slaughter of Benjamin in Judges 18-21, the famine is ended and God then sends Ehud who kills Eglon King of Moab in his palace in the city of Palm trees near Jericho.

m.     1283 BC, the two Moabite wives, Ruth and Orpah influenced their Hebrew husbands to fight for Moab against Ehud and Israel and are "killed in action" as they fought for Eglon, King of Moab. Mahlon & Chilion have not only lost their faith in YHWH, they are no fighting against the one true God and are traitors.

n.       1283 BC Naomi decides to move back to Bethlehem since her husband and two sons are dead and the famine is over.

o.       1283 BC. It is at this point that Ruth has a major conversion to YHWH. She realizes that the gods of Moab are false gods and sees the virtue of faith never lost in Naomi.

p.       1279 BC Boaz, son of Rahab the harlot, marries Ruth (Ruth 4:13)

q.       1207 BC Obed, David's grandfather, was born to Ruth and Boaz. Ruth would be about 90, Naomi would be about 120 years old.

D.     Why the famine of Ruth 1:1 in Bethlehem must be a period of apostasy:

1.        There are a whole series of passages that directly link a lack of rain, failed crops and famine to Israel worshipping idols and moral decay. Notice that Elimelech, Naomi and their two sons had considerable farm land, but had to move to Moab where there was food.

a.        "Now it came about in the days when the judges governed, that there was a famine in the land . And a certain man of Bethlehem in Judah went to sojourn in the land of Moab with his wife and his two sons. The name of the man was Elimelech, and the name of his wife, Naomi; and the names of his two sons were Mahlon and Chilion, Ephrathites of Bethlehem in Judah. Now they entered the land of Moab and remained there. Then Elimelech, Naomi's husband, died; and she was left with her two sons. They took for themselves Moabite women as wives; the name of the one was Orpah and the name of the other Ruth. And they lived there about ten years. Then both Mahlon and Chilion also died, and the woman was bereft of her two children and her husband. Then she arose with her daughters-in-law that she might return from the land of Moab, for she had heard in the land of Moab that the LORD had visited His people in giving them food ." (Ruth 1:1-6)

b.       "YHWH visited His people indicates Israel had repented!

c.        Therefore, the ten years spent in Moab in book of Ruth must overlap a period of oppression and repentance during the period of the Judges. Only Ehud fits this and is the only possibility, considering that Rabab the harlot was the mother of Boaz.

2.        Here are some of the passages that link Israel's apostasy and sin with famine and curse:

a.        "'If you walk in My statutes and keep My commandments so as to carry them out, then I shall give you rains in their season, so that the land will yield its produce and the trees of the field will bear their fruit. 'Indeed, your threshing will last for you until grape gathering, and grape gathering will last until sowing time. You will thus eat your food to the full and live securely in your land. 'I shall also grant peace in the land, so that you may lie down with no one making you tremble. I shall also eliminate harmful beasts from the land, and no sword will pass through your land. 'But you will chase your enemies and they will fall before you by the sword; five of you will chase a hundred, and a hundred of you will chase ten thousand, and your enemies will fall before you by the sword." (Leviticus 26:3-8)

b.        "'But if you do not obey Me and do not carry out all these commandments, if, instead, you reject My statutes, and if your soul abhors My ordinances so as not to carry out all My commandments, and so break My covenant, I, in turn, will do this to you: I will appoint over you a sudden terror, consumption and fever that will waste away the eyes and cause the soul to pine away; also, you will sow your seed uselessly, for your enemies will eat it up." (Leviticus 26:14-16)

c.        "It shall come about, if you listen obediently to my commandments which I am commanding you today, to love the LORD your God and to serve Him with all your heart and all your soul, that He will give the rain for your land in its season, the early and late rain, that you may gather in your grain and your new wine and your oil. "He will give grass in your fields for your cattle, and you will eat and be satisfied. "Beware that your hearts are not deceived, and that you do not turn away and serve other gods and worship them. "Or the anger of the LORD will be kindled against you, and He will shut up the heavens so that there will be no rain and the ground will not yield its fruit; and you will perish quickly from the good land which the LORD is giving you." (Deuteronomy 11:13-17)

d.       "Blessed shall be the offspring of your body and the produce of your ground and the offspring of your beasts, the increase of your herd and the young of your flock. "Blessed shall be your basket and your kneading bowl." (Deuteronomy 28:4-5)

e.       "The LORD will open for you His good storehouse, the heavens, to give rain to your land in its season and to bless all the work of your hand; and you shall lend to many nations, but you shall not borrow." (Deuteronomy 28:12)

f.         "Cursed shall be your basket and your kneading bowl. "Cursed shall be the offspring of your body and the produce of your ground, the increase of your herd and the young of your flock." (Deuteronomy 28:17-18)

g.        "The LORD will make the rain of your land powder and dust; from heaven it shall come down on you until you are destroyed. "The LORD shall cause you to be defeated before your enemies; you will go out one way against them, but you will flee seven ways before them, and you will be an example of terror to all the kingdoms of the earth. "Your carcasses will be food to all birds of the sky and to the beasts of the earth, and there will be no one to frighten them away." (Deuteronomy 28:24-26)

Conclusion:

1.        In the period between 1340 - 1284 BC we have three different stories that focus on Bethlehem:

a.        1340 BC: Levite Jonathan, grandson of Moses is a Bethlehemite who moves north to accept a job with Micah in the hill country of Ephraim as the priest of a pagan shrine in rebellion to YHWH

b.       1294 BC Elimelech, Naomi and their two sons move from their drought-stricken land in Bethlehem to Moab for ten years then return.

c.        1290 a harlot wife from her home town of Bethlehem is raped and killed by the sodomite men of Benjamin in Gibeah which leads to the near extinction of the tribe of Benjamin.

2.        It is clear that these stories come as a shock and surprise to those who read the book of Ruth that was written by Solomon 964 - 924 BC and the book of Judges that was written in 720 BC after the Assyrian captivity.

3.        Although Bethlehem is a small and insignificant town, it produced Boaz and Ruth, David and eventually, Jesus Christ.

4.        The book of Ruth is not so much a beautiful love story between Ruth and Boaz, as much as it is a story of a prodigal family coming to repentance and God bringing them back from destruction to the center of spiritual importance.

  Other related outlines:

By Steve Rudd: Contact the author for comments, input or corrections .

Go To Start: WWW.BIBLE.CA

The Story of Ruth in the Bible: A Tale of Loyalty and Redemption

• November 26, 2023

Historical Context and Genealogy

Before you explore the poignant narrative of Ruth, it’s essential to grasp the backdrop of its occurrence and the ensuing lineage that bears significance to Judeo-Christian heritage.

What This Article Will Teach You

The Time of the Judges

The Book of Ruth is set during the tumultuous era of the Judges , a period described in the Hebrew Bible as a time when “there was no king in Israel; everyone did what was right in his own eyes” ( Judges 17:6 ).

It was a time marked by both moral ambiguity and a cycle of national sin, oppression, and deliverance.

This historical era provides the backdrop to Ruth’s story, positioning her tale in a context of societal instability and divine providence.

The Lineage of David

Ruth, a Moabite woman , becomes an ancestor of King David , after her display of unwavering loyalty to Naomi, her Israelite mother-in-law.

Your understanding of Ruth’s personal history is deepened when you consider that she is listed in the genealogy of David , a pivotal figure in Jewish and Christian traditions, outlined in the Gospel according to Matthew.

Through her marriage to Boaz, Ruth is woven into the lineage leading up to David and, by Christian belief, to Jesus Christ himself.

This genealogical connection can be found in the latter part of the Book of Ruth ( Ruth 4:17-22 ) and is expounded upon in other texts such as Ezra and Nehemiah , highlighting the integrative narrative of Hebrew history.

Ruth’s story is not just a personal journey but part of the foundational fabric of the line from which David and consequently the Messiah, as prophesied, arise.

Ruth’s Journey and Loyalty

Your exploration into the Biblical narrative of Ruth reveals a heartfelt journey underscored by unwavering loyalty.

This section brings to light Ruth’s dedication to her mother-in-law Naomi, and their collective journey from the land of Moab back to Bethlehem amidst a dire famine.

Ruth’s Dedication to Naomi

When faced with the death of her husband and the overwhelming grief of her mother-in-law, Naomi, your recognition of Ruth’s devotion becomes apparent.

Choosing to stay with Naomi rather than returning to her own family in Moab, Ruth embodies selflessness and devotion .

She utters the poignant words, “ Where you go I will go, and where you stay I will stay.

Your people will be my people and your God my God ” ( Ruth’s story of loyalty ), setting a powerful example of steadfast commitment .

The Journey from Moab to Bethlehem

Famine had driven Naomi’s family to Moab, but upon hearing of improved conditions in her homeland, the decision to return was made.

Ruth, embracing a profound sense of loyalty , forsakes her native land and joins Naomi on the perilous journey back to Bethlehem.

This act is not merely a change in land , but a testament of unwavering faith and dedication to Naomi’s family, and ultimately to God.

Ruth’s journey from Moab would lead her to become an integral part of a greater redemption story, marking her as a figure of hope and fidelity within your religious heritage.

Cultural and Religious Practices

Your exploration of the story of Ruth in the Bible offers a distinctive glimpse into the cultural and religious practices of the time.

Anchored in the fabric of ancient Israelite society, these practices highlight the importance of traditions such as gleaning and the observance of Levitical laws central to the narrative.

Gleaning in the Fields

When you revisit the story of Ruth, you will witness the practice of gleaning , a form of social welfare commanded by the Torah.

During the harvest period, landowners were required to leave the corners of their fields unharvested and allow the poor to harvest (Leviticus 19:9-10).

This not only provided sustenance but also preserved dignity and community cohesion.

• Barley Harvest : The period when Ruth gleaned in the fields to support herself and Naomi.

Levitical Laws and Redemption

The Torah established laws detailing redemption that Ruth’s story exemplifies.

A central concept is the role of a ‘kinsman redeemer,’ a relative who would ensure the continuity of family lineage by marrying a widow, as Boaz did for Ruth.

• Leviticus : The book of the Torah where redemption and family lineage laws are delineated.
• Covenant : Such laws were seen as covenantal obligations, binding individuals and communities to a set of sacred traditions and customs.

By understanding these practices, you grasp the profound respect for the customs and laws they held, which still resonates in Jewish tradition to this day.

Ruth and Boaz’s Relationship

In the heart of the narrative of Ruth, you find a testament of loyalty and divine provision through Ruth and Boaz’s relationship .

As you explore their connection, note how it beautifully exemplifies the principles of redemption and integration into a faith community.

Boaz as the Redeemer

Boaz , a man of wealth and influence in Judah , comes forth as a kinsman-redeemer to Ruth , the Moabite widow.

Under the laws of the time, as a close relative to Ruth’s deceased husband, Boaz has the privilege and obligation to redeem Ruth to ensure the survival of her husband’s name and lineage.

Your understanding of ‘redeemer’ in this context is crucial, as it signifies not just a rescuer, but one who restores rights and brings back into community.

When Ruth approaches Boaz, she does so humbly, yet with courage, invoking this role of kinsman-redeemer.

Boaz, touched by Ruth’s loyalty to her mother-in-law Naomi and impressed by her reputation, agrees to take on this role.

He ensures Ruth’s protection and provision, first as a benefactor and soon as a redeemer.

Your perspective on this action may see it as symbolic, heralding Boaz’s integrity and adherence to Israelite customs and laws.

Marriage and Integration into Israel

The marriage of Ruth and Boaz is a heartfelt one, founded on love and mutual respect.

It also serves the practical purpose of integrating Ruth, an outsider, into the community of Israel.

The union is celebrated and blessed by the townspeople, who pray for the couple to be fruitful and for their lineage to be as honorable as that of Rachel and Leah, the matriarchs of Israel .

Through her marriage to Boaz, Ruth transitions from a vulnerable widow to a respected member of the Israelite community.

Your reflection on this story may recognize it as a narrative of hope, showing that even the most dire circumstances can be turned around through faith and righteous action.

Ruth’s unwavering dedication to Naomi, together with Boaz’s empathy and benevolence, reinforce the redeeming power of love and faithfulness within their shared tradition.

The Legacy of Ruth in Christianity

In your exploration of Ruth’s impact on Christianity, you encounter her remarkable embodiment of faith and her integral placement in Christian scripture.

Ruth as a Model of Faith and Righteousness

Ruth’s unwavering loyalty and kindness are exemplified by her decision to leave her homeland and accompany Naomi back to Bethlehem.

In the Book of Ruth within the Hebrew Bible , your encounter with Ruth’s character teaches you about steadfastness and virtuous conduct.

As you reflect on her actions, consider her act of gleaning in the fields—both a display of humility and an exercise in trusting God to provide.

Ruth in the Christian Canon

As the great-grandmother of King David, Ruth assumes a momentous role in the genealogy leading to the Messiah in Christian belief.

Her story, found in the Christian Old Testament, has been a touchstone for conversations about inclusion and divine providence.

It’s through Ruth’s lineage that Christians see the unfolding of a divine plan, culminating in the birth of Jesus, whom Christians revere as the Messiah.

Your understanding of faith within Christianity is thus enriched by the narrative of Ruth’s life and legacy.

Related posts:

• Can Women Be Pastors? Exploring the Debate and Perspectives
• International Christian Church: Embracing Global Faith Communities?
• Jehovah Jireh: What Does This Name of God Mean for Believers Today?
• Old Testament vs New Testament: What Are the Key Differences?

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The Journeys of Ruth and Naomi

The book of Ruth begins with the line, “In the days when the judges judged’  (וַיְהִ֗י בִּימֵי֙ שְׁפֹ֣ט הַשֹּׁפְטִ֔ים, Ruth 1:1). The Book of Ruth, traditionally read as part of the service on Shavuot, opens by setting its narrative in the time of the Book of Judges, placing it against a backdrop of upheaval, insecurity and danger. The two books also connect thematically through their depictions of journeys. Travel occurs frequently in the Book of Judges: Gideon crosses the Jordan (Judges 8:4); Yiftach flees from his brothers (Judges 10:3); and Samson goes down to Timnah, where he takes a Philistine wife (Judges 14:1). The final chapters of the Book of Judges recount the journeys of unnamed characters in a series of malevolent incidents: a wandering Levite sanctions Micah’s idol worship (Judges 17:12-13); the traveling Danites then take these idols and set up their own shrine (Judges 18:30); and finally the heinous crime perpetrated on the concubine of Gibeah begins with a decision to go on the road instead of staying another night at her father’s house (Judges 19:10). Naomi and Ruth travel during a time of uncertainty in the land as a whole, but also against this backdrop of journeys that lead to tragic consequences.

Naomi and Ruth travel during a time of uncertainty in the land as a whole, but also against this backdrop of journeys that lead to tragic consequences.

Perhaps it is more meaningful to consider Naomi and Ruth on similar but separate journeys, as their situations differ in significant ways. Ruth is a foreigner coming ‘to a people that [she] does not know’ (תֵּ֣לְכִ֔י אֶל־עַ֕ם אֲשֶׁ֥ר לֹא־יָדַ֖עַתְּ תְּמ֥וֹל שִׁלְשֽׁוֹם, Ruth 2:11); furthermore, she is seemingly unaware of the conventions that govern this society, most notably of the gleaning fields. From the onset, she is disadvantaged by her Moabite ancestry–the fact that she is from Moab is brought up frequently in the text when she is referred to by the other characters. In Torah law, Moabites are prohibited from joining Israelite society for two reasons: they refused food and water when the Israelites were leaving Egypt, and they conspired with Balaam to curse the nation of Israel (Deuteronomy 23:4). However, Ruth proves capable of overcoming the misdeeds of her ancestors. She is the one who furnishes sustenance for her mother-in-law, behavior that Boaz praises by blessing her (Ruth 2:11-12). Unlike many of the journeys in the Book of Judges, Ruth’s ends joyfully with the celebration of her marriage to Boaz and the birth of a son that begins the Davidic dynasty.

However, Ruth proves capable of overcoming the misdeeds of her ancestors. She is the one who furnishes sustenance for her mother-in-law, behavior that Boaz praises by blessing her (Ruth 2:11-12).

If Ruth’s journey is precarious because she is heading to the unknown, Naomi’s is precarious for the opposite reason: she is heading to a place that she knows, but not one where she knows what to expect. The reasons for her departure from Bethlehem, as recounted in the opening verse of the Book of Ruth, are clear enough on the surface: there is a famine and the family travels to Moab to find food. However, the rabbis viewed this decision to leave as the first step in the downfall of Naomi, her husband, and their sons: 

And Rabbi Shimon ben Yochai would likewise say: Elimelech and his sons Mahlon and Chilion were prominent members of their generation and were leaders of their generation. And for what reason were they punished? Because they left Israel to go outside of Israel , as it is stated : “And all the city was astir concerning them, and the women said: Is this Naomi?” (Ruth 1:19). What is the meaning of the phrase: “Is this Naomi”? Rabbi Yitzhak says that the women said: Have you seen what befell Naomi, who left the land of Israel to go outside of Israel ? (Bava Batra, 91a)

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Naomi too chose to leave Bethlehem at a time of distress, so she is viewed by the villagers as equally at fault for the tragedies she has experienced.

When Naomi returns to Bethlehem, she publicly bemoans her state: 

“Do not call me Naomi,” she replied [to the women of the town]. “Call me Mara, for  Shaddai has made my lot very bitter. I went away full, and the LORD has brought me  back empty. How can you call me Naomi, when the LORD has dealt harshly with me,  when Shaddai has brought misfortune upon me!” (Ruth 1:20-21) 

This declaration is not the first to express the profundity of her despair. Naomi sought to send away her daughters-in-law while traveling–Orpah acquiesces to Naomi’s exhortation that she return to Moab (Ruth 1:14). It is hard to imagine that Naomi would have been so insistent if she envisioned an optimistic future awaiting in Bethlehem. Yet despite her fears, she is blessed in the end (Ruth 4:14), blessings that come from the same women who asked: ‘Is this Naomi?’ when she initially returned.

As our society takes the first tentative steps to reopening during this time of COVID-19, we also find ourselves embarking on a journey, one whose outcome is impossible to determine.

As our society takes the first tentative steps to reopening during this time of COVID-19, we also find ourselves embarking on a journey, one whose outcome is impossible to determine. In some ways, we will be treading on new ground as we re-establish our lives in ways that do not jeopardize the health of others–concerns that few of us have experienced before. Yet we will also be returning to patterns that we know, accompanied by disruption and incongruity given the sudden economic and societal changes that we have experienced. In other words, we are simultaneously Ruth and Naomi, in that we are heading to the unknown and to the known.

But if we can be brave enough to seek out what we need in our vulnerability–both from ourselves and from others–we too can establish a better future than we could currently imagine.

The blithe moral of this story, of course, is to say that we should all strive to be like Ruth: patient, generous, and selfless in our actions. But my guess is that we all are sometimes akin to Naomi in the opening chapter of this book: frightened by the voyage that we are taking; uncertain that we are on the best path; with our worry blinding us to the potential that the future holds. Naomi’s happy ending comes about not due to any dramatic act, but because she stopped trying to convince Ruth to leave her (Ruth 1:18). One of the many lessons from this book, then, is the importance of being vulnerable to those around us at a time when we are feeling most hopeless. As we recover from the challenges that social distancing instigated, it may be hard to imagine that our society can return to a place of normalcy. But if we can be brave enough to seek out what we need in our vulnerability–both from ourselves and from others–we too can establish a better future than we could currently imagine.

Zoë Lang is an active member of the Cambridge, MA Jewish community and the special events coordinator for the Cambridge-Somerville Open Beit Midrash. She holds a PhD from Harvard University and currently serves as the Systems Implementation Consultant at Maimonides School in Brookline, MA.

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Colossians and Philemon

A certain man from Bethlehem of Judah went to sojourn in the land of Moab (Ruth 1:1).

Bethlehem lies in the northern hill country of Judah. In the days of Ruth it was little more than an agricultural village, having no great significance or renown. Since then, however, it has seen a lot of growth and modernization, making it harder to imagine the town that Ruth and Naomi knew.

Journey to Moab

They went into the country of Moab, and remained there (Ruth 1:2).

Moab is southeast of Judah, and the two regions are separated by the Dead Sea . There are two possible paths that Elimelech and Naomi could have taken as they traveled to the other side: a northward or a southward one. If they circled north, they would have moved up toward Jerusalem, over to Jericho , across the Jordan River , and then south toward Moab proper through the Plains of Moab. These plains, pictured here, are located on the northeastern side of the Dead Sea.

The Land of Moab

The author of Ruth does not record where Naomi’s family settled in Moab. Depending upon the extent of Moab’s territory at this time, the family may have settled either north or south of the Nahal Arnon. But regardless of the exact location, it was apparently a fertile area, like these fields south of the Arnon. The fact that the Gentile Moabites were enjoying sufficient rainfall while Israel suffered drought is a testament to God’s judgment on his people, brought on by their shocking immorality in the days of the judges.

Return to Bethlehem

And they went on the road to return to the land of Judah (Ruth 1:7).

On the return journey, Naomi and Ruth would have had the same choice of paths. If they decided not to circle the Dead Sea’s northern end, they could have crossed over the sea near its southern end. A piece of land called the lisan  stuck out into the sea, creating a convenient crossing point opposite Masada . Nowadays the water level is so low that this crossing is completely dry, as can be seen here, but in Ruth’s day they may have needed a boat.

Ancient Houses

Naomi said to her two daughters-in-law, “Go, return each of you to her mother’s house” (Ruth 1:8).

Given the length of time separating us from Ruth’s era (around the 12th century BC), we do not have many well-preserved examples of the buildings these women would have been familiar with. We do, however, have this well-preserved (and now reconstructed) structure from the Medeba Plateau, north of ancient Moab. It is one of the earliest four-room houses yet to be excavated in the Middle East, and it gives us an idea of what “home” might have looked like for the people in this story.

Barley Harvest

And they came to Bethlehem at the beginning of barley harvest (Ruth 1:22).

Though not as valuable as wheat, barley was still a popular and important crop in ancient Israel. Its hardiness allowed it to grow in places too dry for other grains, and its early harvest made it an important supply of food while people waited for the other crops to ripen. In fact, the barley harvest is the first harvest of the year, taking place in March or April, meaning that the bulk of Ruth’s narrative takes place in early spring.

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Map of the Journey of Ruth

This map features Beit Lechem (Bethlehem) and the land of Moav, the places where the events of the Book of Ruth take place as described in Ruth 1.

• Beit Lechem – Part of the land of the tribe of Judah (See our ancient map of Israel ), it is the place where most of the events in the Book of Ruth transpire. Elimelech moves his family from Beit Lechem when famine strikes (Ruth 1:1) , and Naomi returns to Beit Lechem with her daughter-in-law Ruth after losing her husband and two sons (Ruth 1:19) . In ancient times, Beit Lechem was full of fields of wheat and grains for harvesting. It is also the site of Rachel’s burial place (Genesis 35:19) .
• Moav – Elimelech escapes famine in Israel by bringing his family to Moav (Ruth 1:1) . Here, his children marry Moavite women, most notably Ruth who becomes the mother of Jewish royalty.

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