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Top 15 Hospitality and Tourism Degree Jobs

By Ammar Ahmed

Published: January 27, 2024

Fresh out with a Hospitality & Tourism degree and wondering where to land? With a sea of job choices, finding the perfect one can be tricky. 

We’ve lined up the 15 best job matches for your degree. Read on to find your next dream job.

Here is a rollout of the top 15 career paths for a Hospitality and Tourism degree :

• Hotel Manager
• Event Planner
• Travel Agent
• Restaurant Manager
• Cruise Ship Director
• Resort Activities Coordinator
• Hospitality Consultant
• Meeting and Convention Planner
• Airline Customer Service Agent
• Travel Blogger/Influencer
• Destination Marketing Manager
• Food and Beverage Manager
• Spa Manager
• Casino Manager

1. Hotel Manager

As a Hotel Manager, you play a pivotal role in creating exceptional guest experiences and ensuring the seamless operation of hospitality establishments. Your expertise in leadership, customer service, and strategic planning will be at the forefront of curating unforgettable memories for guests from all walks of life.

As a Hotel Manager

You become the driving force behind providing excellent guest experiences, taking care of their needs, and ensuring their stay is both comfortable and memorable. Your responsibilities encompass managing staff, overseeing operations, and ensuring the overall success of the hotel.

Working in fast-paced and ever-changing environments, you will adeptly handle various departments such as the front desk, housekeeping, food and beverage, and maintenance. Your ability to adapt to dynamic situations and maintain a positive work environment is crucial to meeting the demands of guests and providing exceptional service.

• Career Progression : With experience and success, you can advance to oversee larger properties or take on regional director roles, making your mark on the broader hospitality industry.
• Travel Perks: Depending on the hotel chain, you may have access to perks like discounts on accommodation, access to partner hotels, reduced dining costs, amenities access, professional development travel, international experience, destination knowledge, and networking opportunities. These perks can enhance your personal and professional life, making the job even more rewarding.
• Employee Benefits: Many hotels offer employee benefits such as health insurance, retirement plans (401k plan),  meal discounts, and accommodation at times
• Wellness Packages: Given the demanding nature of the role, some hotels offer comprehensive health packages or spa treatments to ensure their managers remain rejuvenated.
• Performance Bonuses: Apart from a competitive salary, many managers can earn bonuses based on their hotel’s performance, guest satisfaction scores, or revenue achievements.

Working conditions

Hotel Managers often work in fast-paced environments, overseeing the day-to-day operations of their establishment. They are required to be present at irregular hours, ensuring smooth guest experiences and addressing any issues that may arise, including emergencies. Interacting with staff, guests, and suppliers, they need strong leadership and communication skills. The job demands a good amount of time on their feet, moving around the property to monitor various departments and maintaining a high level of attention to detail.

Further Studies

• Bachelor’s Degree: A bachelor’s degree in Hospitality and Tourism Management provides an excellent foundation. This program generally covers essential aspects such as hotel operations, food and beverage management, event planning, and customer service. However, having a degree in Business Administration or Management can also be beneficial, as it offers a broader understanding of business operations, marketing, and human resource management.
• Master’s Degree (Optional but Beneficial): While not always necessary, a master’s degree in Hospitality Management or Business Administration can give aspiring Hotel Managers an edge in the competitive job market. 
• Certifications: Various professional organizations, such as the American Hotel & Lodging Educational Institute, offer certifications for Hotel Managers. Titles like the Certified Hotel Administrator (CHA) can enhance a candidate’s profile and demonstrate a commitment to professional growth.
• Internships and Entry-Level Positions: On-the-job experience is crucial in the hospitality industry. Start with internships or entry-level roles in the hotel sector, such as front desk agent, reservationist, or assistant manager. These positions offer hands-on experience and a direct understanding of day-to-day hotel operations.

What Skills Make You A Strong Candidate

To thrive as a Hotel Manager, you’ll need essential attributes such as excellent communication skills to foster a positive work environment, adaptability to handle dynamic situations, and strong leadership to inspire your team toward excellence. 

Your dedication to providing exceptional guest experiences and your ability to maintain a high level of professionalism will set you apart as a standout candidate. Additionally, strong problem-solving skills, attention to detail, and a passion for the hospitality industry are highly valued qualities in this role.

Salary & Job Outlook

• Average Salary ($94,603)
• Job Outlook (7%)

The average annual salary for Hotel Managers is about $94,603 , with opportunities for growth and higher earning potential as you gain experience and expertise. According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS), employment opportunities for Lodging Managers , which includes Hotel Managers, are projected to grow by 7% from 2022 to 2032. 

2. Event Planner

As an Event Planner, you hold the key to orchestrating unforgettable experiences that leave a lasting impression on guests. Your creativity, organizational skills, and attention to detail play a pivotal role in bringing clients’ visions to life, whether it’s a grand wedding, a corporate conference, or a dazzling gala.

As an Event Planner

You are responsible for the meticulous planning and execution of a wide range of events. From conceptualization to post-event follow-up, you work closely with clients to understand their goals and preferences, creating bespoke event experiences that exceed expectations. Your role involves coordinating with vendors, managing budgets, arranging logistics, and troubleshooting to ensure a seamless and successful event.

• Stability: There’s often a consistent demand for Event Planners, especially for corporate and social events, which provides you with job security .
• Networking Opportunities : Event planning allows you to build a vast network of industry professionals and forge valuable connections for future collaborations.
• Dynamic Work Environment : Working as an Event Planner ensures that no two days are the same, with each event presenting new challenges and opportunities for growth.
• Personal Fulfillment : The joy of seeing your meticulously planned events come to life and witnessing the happiness they bring to others is incredibly rewarding.

Working Conditions

Event Planners thrive in a creative yet high-pressure environment. They often work irregular hours, including evenings and weekends, to organize and execute events. Communication is vital, as they liaise with clients, vendors, and various professionals. Handling unexpected changes and maintaining a calm demeanor under stress is crucial. The work may involve physically setting up venues, which could require lifting and moving equipment.

• Bachelor’s Degree: While you have a foundation with a degree in Hospitality and Tourism, many Event Planners also benefit from degrees in Public Relations, Communications, Marketing, or Business. These programs often cover crucial aspects like client relationships, vendor management, and promotional strategies that are integral to successful event planning.
• Master’s Degree (Optional but Beneficial): A master’s degree in Event Management or a related field like Business Administration can provide deeper insights into the intricacies of large-scale event planning, strategic marketing, and client management. These programs usually offer case studies, real-world projects, and advanced courses on various types of events, from corporate seminars to grand weddings.
• Certifications: Recognized bodies, such as the Meeting Professionals International (MPI) and the International Live Events Association (ILEA), offer certifications for Event Planners. Earning titles like the Certified Meeting Professional (CMP) or the Certified Special Events Professional (CSEP) can give you an edge in the industry, emphasizing your dedication and expertise in the field.
• Internships and Entry-Level Positions: Starting with internships or roles as an event coordinator or assistant planner can provide invaluable hands-on experience. These positions allow budding Event Planners to understand the nitty-gritty of the job, from liaising with vendors to managing client expectations

To thrive as an Event Planner, key attributes include exceptional organizational and time management skills to handle multiple tasks and deadlines simultaneously. Effective communication and interpersonal skills are vital to understanding clients’ needs and collaborating with various stakeholders. 

Creativity and attention to detail are essential for designing captivating events that align with clients’ visions. Being resourceful, adaptable, and calm under pressure enables you to navigate unexpected challenges and deliver flawless events.

• Average Salary ($52,560)
• Job Outlook (8%)

The average annual salary for Event Planners in the United States is approximately $52,560 , according to BLS. The same data shows that the employment opportunities for Meeting, Convention, and Event Planners are projected to grow by 8% from 2022 to 2032. 

As businesses and organizations continue to recognize the importance of professionally organized events for networking, brand promotion, and employee training, the demand for skilled event planners is expected to rise.

Related Articles

• Hiring an Event Planner: Job Description Template
• How to Become an Event Planner

3. Travel Agent

As a Travel Agent, you have the privilege of turning travelers’ dreams into reality by curating unforgettable journeys and providing expert guidance. Your passion for exploration and intricate knowledge of destinations make you a valuable asset in designing seamless travel experiences for clients.

As a Travel Agent

You will bridge the gap between wanderlust and adventure. Your role involves collaborating with clients to understand their travel preferences, budgets, and interests, ensuring you tailor each itinerary to their specific needs. From suggesting the perfect destinations to arranging flights, accommodations, tours, and activities, you create personalized travel packages that cater to every traveler’s desires.

• Flexible Schedule: Travel Agents enjoy the freedom to set their own work hours, making it easier to balance work and personal life. This flexibility accommodates various lifestyles and commitments, promoting better work-life balance .
• Adventure Opportunities: Travel Agents get to explore the world and share their passion for travel with clients. This career keeps your wanderlust alive and lets you provide personalized travel recommendations based on your adventures.
• Part-Time Start: You can begin your journey as a Travel Agent on a part-time basis.  Starting part-time allows you to gain experience and build a client base gradually, without the pressure of a full-time commitment. You can later decide if it’s the right fit for you.

Travel Agents balance their time between office work and interacting with clients. They spend hours researching destinations, itineraries, and deals to provide accurate and appealing travel options. Communication occurs through face-to-face meetings, phone calls, and emails. The job may involve long periods of desk work, sitting, and screen time as well as occasional travel for firsthand knowledge of destinations.

• Bachelor’s Degree: While you possess a solid foundation with a degree in Hospitality and Tourism, a Travel Agent can also benefit from degrees in Business, Marketing, Geography, or a related field. These programs offer insights into consumer behavior, travel destinations, and promotional strategies, all of which are central to a Travel Agent’s role.
• Specialized Training Programs: There are several training programs tailored for Travel Agents, such as those provided by the Travel Institute. Earning a Certified Travel Associate (CTA) or a Certified Travel Counselor (CTC) title can enhance your professional profile, showcasing a deep understanding of the travel industry and relevant competencies.
• Destination Specialist Programs: Specific courses or training programs that focus on particular destinations can be highly beneficial. These give in-depth knowledge about popular tourist spots, local customs, and logistical details, allowing you to offer specialized services to clients interested in those regions.
• Technology and Reservation Systems Training: Familiarity with Global Distribution Systems (GDS), like Amadeus, Sabre, or Galile o, is crucial for making flight, hotel, and car rental reservations. Several online courses and workshops teach these tools, ensuring you’re well-equipped to handle bookings seamlessly.

To thrive as a Travel Agent, strong communication and interpersonal skills are essential to understand clients’ travel desires and build lasting relationships. Attention to detail ensures seamless travel arrangements and a high level of customer satisfaction.

Being proactive, resourceful, and having a keen eye for travel trends enables you to curate extraordinary travel experiences. Your passion for exploration and eagerness to help others discover the world makes you a standout candidate in the travel industry.

• Average Salary ($46,400)
• Job Outlook (3%)

According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS), the average annual salary for Travel Agents in the United States is approximately $46,400. The job outlook is fairly positive, projected to grow 3% over the next decade. 

It’s also worth noting that external factors, such as global economic conditions, political stability, health concerns (like pandemics), and other macro trends can significantly influence the travel industry and, by extension, the demand for travel agents.

Related Article

• How to Become a Travel Agent

4. Tour Guide

As a Tour Guide, you have the incredible opportunity to immerse travelers in the rich history, culture, and beauty of various destinations. Your passion for exploration and ability to captivate audiences make every tour an unforgettable and educational experience for your guests.

As a Tour Guide

In your role as a Tour Guide, you breathe life into the past and present, providing engaging and informative narratives that bring historical landmarks, cultural sites, and natural wonders to life. Your warm personality and ability to connect with diverse groups of people create a welcoming atmosphere for travelers from all walks of life.

Guiding visitors through museums, historical sites, landmarks, and scenic spots, you ensure they have a memorable and enlightening experience during their journey.

• Freedom from the Office: You get to enjoy a flexible workspace, escape the conventional 9-to-5 office routine, and explore the world while you work. You’ll get to embrace the outdoor experience and thrill of working in nature’s open office, from picturesque landscapes to vibrant city streets.
• Expand Your World Knowledge:  This career gives you the opportunity to immerse yourself in diverse cultures, traditions, and histories as you become an expert on various destinations. You continuously enrich your knowledge as you discover new facts and stories about the places you guide tourists through.
• Earn as You Explore: In this career path, you get paid for sharing your love for travel and adventure with others. Your income is linked to travelers’ enthusiasm, ensuring your pay aligns with the quality of experiences you provide .
• Global Friendships: Tour guiding avails you the opportunity to forge friendships with travelers from all corners of the globe, creating lasting connections. You also access insider tips and recommendations from your newfound friends when you explore their home countries .

Tour Guides have a dynamic work setting, often outdoors and on their feet for extended periods. They interact with tourists and adapt to varying weather conditions. Guides should possess in-depth knowledge of historical and cultural aspects of destinations and be skilled at storytelling. The work is highly interactive, requiring strong communication skills and the ability to engage diverse groups of people.

• Bachelor’s Degree: Your degree in Hospitality and Tourism already lays a strong foundation for a career as a Tour Guide. However, depending on the niche you’re aiming for, degrees in History, Art, Archaeology, or Natural Sciences can be beneficial, especially if you’re guiding in specialized areas like historical sites, museums, or nature reserves.
• Specialized Training Programs: Some regions or countries offer training programs specifically tailored for Tour Guides. These might even culminate in a certification or licensing exam, equipping you with region-specific knowledge and showcasing your expertise to potential clients.
• First Aid and Safety Training: Being equipped with first aid skills is vital, especially if you guide tours in remote areas, nature reserves, or challenging terrains. Certifications from recognized bodies can also be a unique selling point for clients prioritizing safety.
• Internships and Hands-On Experience: Starting with internships or assistant roles under experienced guides can provide invaluable insights. Shadowing them will allow you to grasp the nuances of delivering engaging tours and managing diverse groups.

As a Tour Guide, your passion for storytelling and genuine interest in the destinations you showcase are paramount. Your excellent communication skills enable you to convey information clearly and engagingly. 

Patience and adaptability allow you to handle unforeseen situations and ensure every guest feels valued and cared for during the tour. Empathy and cultural sensitivity facilitate meaningful connections with travelers from diverse backgrounds, fostering an inclusive and enjoyable experience for all.

• Average Salary ($37,790)

According to the BLS, the average annual salary for Tour Guides is around $37,790 , with the potential for higher earnings based on expertise, reputation, and the volume of tours conducted. 

While there is no specific data available for tour guides, the job outlook for this profession is expected to be similar to that of travel agents, which is projected to grow by 3% from 2022 to 2032.

• How to Become a Tour Guide

5. Restaurant Manager

Welcome to the delectable world of Restaurant Managers, where you play a pivotal role in orchestrating exceptional dining experiences.

As a Restaurant Manager, you are the captain of the culinary ship, ensuring smooth operations and impeccable service. Your passion for food, leadership skills, and commitment to customer satisfaction make every meal an unforgettable affair for patrons.

As a Restaurant Manager

Your role as a Restaurant Manager will require you to oversee all aspects of the restaurant’s daily operations.

From coordinating with the kitchen staff to managing the front-of-house team, your keen eye for detail ensures that every dish is prepared to perfection and every guest is attended to with warmth and hospitality.

You uphold the restaurant’s standards, create a welcoming ambiance, and address any concerns or feedback from diners to continually enhance the dining experience.

Certainly, here are some additional benefits of working as a Restaurant Manager based on the points you’ve mentioned:

• Exploring New Foods : Being in a restaurant environment exposes you to a diverse range of cuisines and dishes. You have the opportunity to try and appreciate a variety of foods, expanding your palate and culinary knowledge.
• Job Security : As you mentioned, Restaurant Managers are not easily replaced by intelligent machines. The human touch, decision-making, and interpersonal skills required in this role make it less susceptible to automation, providing a sense of job security.
• Reduced Travel : Unlike careers that involve extensive travel, such as sales or consulting, restaurant management typically requires you to be at a fixed location. This can be beneficial if you prefer to stay closer to home or have family commitments.
• Competitive Salary: Depending on the establishment, Restaurant Managers can earn a competitive salary with the potential for bonuses.

Restaurant Managers are hands-on professionals who work in bustling environments, managing staff, customer service, and operations. They often work long hours, including evenings and weekends, when restaurants are busiest. The role involves frequent movement around the restaurant, ensuring smooth operations, addressing customer concerns, and overseeing food quality. Adapting to fast-paced and high-stress situations is essential.

• Bachelor’s Degree: Your foundation with a degree in Hospitality and Tourism is an excellent starting point. However, aspiring Restaurant Managers might also consider degrees in Restaurant Management, Business Administration, or Culinary Arts. These programs delve into restaurant operations, financial management, and culinary basics.
• Culinary or Bartending School (Optional but Beneficial): While not mandatory, attending a culinary school can provide you with a deeper understanding of food preparation and service. Similarly, a bartending course can equip you with knowledge about beverages, especially if you’re managing a restaurant with a significant focus on its bar operations.
• Certifications: Various organizations offer certifications relevant to restaurant management. For instance, the National Restaurant Association offers the ServSafe certification , which covers food safety and sanitation, essential for ensuring the health and safety of your patrons.
• Internships and Entry-Level Positions: Starting in entry-level roles such as a server , host/hostess, or kitchen staff provides a ground-level understanding of restaurant operations. This hands-on experience is invaluable in comprehending challenges and ensuring smooth operations as you move into managerial roles.

As a Restaurant Manager, effective leadership and communication skills are essential for guiding your team and ensuring seamless operations. Problem-solving abilities enable you to address challenges swiftly and maintain the restaurant’s efficiency.

 Strong interpersonal skills foster positive interactions with customers, creating a pleasant and memorable dining experience. Your passion for the culinary arts and commitment to delivering exceptional service make you an ideal candidate to manage a successful restaurant.

• Average Salary ($49,543)
• Job Outlook (0%)

The average annual salary for Restaurant Managers is about $49,543 , with opportunities for higher earnings based on the size and reputation of the restaurant. According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS), employment opportunities for Food Service Managers , which includes Restaurant Managers, are projected to grow by 0% from 2022 to 2032.

Despite the modest growth projection, the need for managers to oversee restaurants, coordinate staff, and ensure customer satisfaction remains essential. As establishments open and others close, opportunities will arise, especially for those with experience and a proven track record.

• Hiring a Restaurant Manager: Job Description Template
• Top 11 Restaurant Interview Questions and Answers

6. Cruise Ship Director

As a Cruise Ship Director, you have the unique opportunity to sail the high seas while creating extraordinary memories for passengers from around the world. Your passion for hospitality, organizational prowess, and creative flair make each cruise a dreamlike escapade for travelers.

As a Cruise Ship Director

In this role of a Cruise Ship Director, you are the heart and soul of the onboard experience. You oversee a diverse range of activities and entertainment, ensuring that passengers have a delightful and immersive journey. From planning engaging events to managing guest relations and resolving concerns, your dedication to providing top-notch service guarantees an unforgettable voyage for everyone on board.

• Global Travel : As a Cruise Ship Director, you have the privilege of sailing to diverse destinations, exploring new cultures, and experiencing different cuisines.
• Onboard Perks: Cruise Ship Directors typically enjoy access to onboard amenities, including dining, entertainment, and fitness facilities, enhancing your overall work experience.
• Adventure: The dynamic and ever-changing cruise environment means your job is never monotonous, and you’ll often find yourself in unique and exciting situations.
• Competitive Compensation: Cruise Ship Directors can receive competitive salaries, and some cruise lines offer additional benefits like bonuses and accommodation.

Cruise Ship Directors manage onboard activities and entertainment, often working long hours during the duration of a cruise. They must adapt to the ever-changing nature of the cruise itinerary and passenger preferences. Their work includes coordinating with various departments, ensuring safety protocols, and overseeing guest satisfaction, sometimes dealing with seasickness or challenging weather conditions.

• Bachelor’s Degree: Your foundational degree in Hospitality and Tourism is highly relevant. However, degrees in Business Administration, Recreation Management, or Event Management can also be advantageous, as they encompass the wide array of responsibilities a Cruise Ship Director might handle.
• Specialized Training Programs: Certain cruise lines may offer training programs tailored for onboard staff roles. These programs can provide a deep dive into the specifics of cruise operations, guest relations, and entertainment management.
• Safety and Emergency Training: Given that the role involves overseeing activities on a ship, it’s crucial to have training in safety protocols, emergency response, and first aid. Certifications in these areas, especially those recognized internationally, can be beneficial.
• Internships and Onboard Experience: Starting in entry-level roles on a cruise, such as entertainment staff, guest relations, or activity coordinator, can offer invaluable insights into the ship’s operations and passenger interactions.

As a Cruise Ship Director, strong leadership and communication skills are vital for guiding the onboard team and delivering a seamless cruise experience. Your attention to detail ensures that every aspect of the voyage is meticulously planned and executed.

Flexibility and adaptability enable you to handle the challenges of working in a dynamic maritime environment. A passion for travel and a genuine desire to create magical moments for passengers make you an exceptional candidate for this role.

• Average Salary ($53,349)
• Job Outlook (5%)

The average annual salary for Cruise Ship Directors , often also known as Cruise Directors, in the United States is approximately $53,349 .

There isn’t a specific category for Cruise Ship Directors in the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS). However, considering their role falls under a mix of entertainment management and hospitality, the closest category would be “Recreation Workers.” According to the BLS, employment opportunities for Recreation Workers are projected to grow by 5% from 2022 to 2032. The demand for Cruise Ship Directors, in particular, will align with the health of the cruise industry, which has been historically robust.

As the cruise industry continues to innovate and offer unique experiences to travelers, skilled Cruise Ship Directors who can deliver exceptional onboard entertainment and hospitality will be highly sought after.

7. Resort Activities Coordinator

As a Resort Activities Coordinator, you have the delightful responsibility of organizing a diverse range of activities, ensuring that visitors have a memorable and enjoyable stay. Your passion for guest satisfaction, creativity, and organizational skills make every moment at the resort a source of joy and relaxation for guests.

As a Resort Activities Coordinator

In this role, you are expected to be the mastermind behind the resort’s daily activity schedule. From planning fun-filled group excursions to coordinating engaging events and programs, you create a dynamic atmosphere that caters to guests of all ages and interests.

Your warm and welcoming demeanor ensures that guests feel at ease, and your enthusiasm for providing outstanding service makes their stay an unforgettable experience.

• Variety: Your role may involve organizing a wide range of activities, from sports and fitness classes to arts and crafts , ensuring your job remains diverse and engaging.
• Resort Perks: Some resorts provide staff with access to facilities and amenities like pools, gyms, and dining options. While some give good discounts for usage. 
• Professional Growth Pathways: With performance and experience, coordinators can move into managerial roles or even into event management, expanding career prospects.
• Performance-based Incentives: Organizing successful, well-received activities could lead to bonuses or other incentives based on guest feedback or participation numbers.

Resort Activities Coordinators work in dynamic outdoor settings, organizing and leading recreational programs. They work weekends and holidays to accommodate guests’ schedules. The job requires creativity in planning engaging activities, such as water sports, hiking, and cultural events. Coordinators are physically active, participating in and supervising activities, and need to manage unforeseen changes due to weather conditions.

Further Studies 

• Bachelor’s Degree: Your degree in Hospitality and Tourism is a great foundation for this role. However, degrees in Recreation Management, Event Planning, or Sports and Leisure Studies can provide additional insights into organizing and managing activities tailored for diverse groups of resort guests.
• Specialized Training Programs: Courses or certifications specific to recreation management can give you a competitive edge. These programs delve deeper into activity planning, safety protocols, and group dynamics.
• Safety and First Aid Certifications: Given that many resort activities might be outdoors or involve physical exertion, having training in first aid and safety procedures ensures guests’ well-being during events or activities.
• Workshops in Group Dynamics and Leadership: Coordinating activities often involves managing groups, from families to corporate teams. Workshops in group dynamics, leadership, or even team-building can equip you with skills to cater to diverse groups effectively.
• Internships and Onsite Experience: Starting with internships or roles in recreation departments of resorts or hotels offers hands-on experience in activity planning and execution. Understanding guest preferences, resort logistics, and vendor relations firsthand can be invaluable.

As a Resort Activities Coordinator, strong communication and organizational skills are essential for liaising with guests and coordinating diverse activities. Your friendly and approachable nature creates a welcoming environment that encourages guest participation. 

Attention to detail ensures that every activity runs smoothly and exceeds guests’ expectations. Flexibility and adaptability enable you to accommodate changing guest preferences and requirements, ensuring a seamless and enjoyable experience for all visitors.

• Average Salary ($59,920)

The average annual salary for Resort Activities Coordinators is about $59,920 , with the potential for higher earnings based on the resort’s location and prestige. For job outlook, there isn’t a precise category for Resort Activities Coordinators in the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS). 

However, considering their roles are closely related to organizing and overseeing recreational activities, they can be grouped with “Recreation Workers.” The employment opportunities for this profession are expected to grow 5% over the next decade.

Related Article 

• Hiring an Event Coordinator: Job Description Template

8. Hospitality Consultant

As a Hospitality Consultant, you become a trusted advisor to hotels, resorts, restaurants, and other hospitality establishments, helping them optimize operations, enhance guest experiences, and achieve long-term success.

Your profound knowledge of the industry, analytical skills, and strategic mindset make you a valuable asset to hospitality businesses seeking to thrive in a competitive market.

As a Hospitality Consultant

This role requires you to offer specialized services and recommendations to hospitality businesses aiming to elevate their performance and reputation. From conducting comprehensive operational assessments to devising strategic marketing plans, your expertise covers various aspects of the hospitality industry. Your ability to analyze data and market trends enables you to identify opportunities for improvement and implement effective solutions that drive growth and profitability.

• Competitive Compensation : Successful Hospitality Consultants often earn competitive fees or salaries, particularly if they specialize in high-demand areas like revenue management or sustainability.
• Flexible Work Arrangements: Given that consultants may not always need to be on-site, many have the option for remote work or flexible scheduling.
• Project-Based Bonuses: For successful project completions or if certain milestones are achieved, consultants may be entitled to additional bonuses or incentives.
• Insurance Packages: Comprehensive health, dental, and sometimes even travel insurance might be part of the benefits package, considering the nature of the job.

Hospitality Consultants travel extensively to visit different client locations. They have irregular work hours, as their availability aligns with clients’ schedules. These consultants adapt to various hospitality settings, from hotels to restaurants, and provide expert advice on improving operations, customer experiences, and profitability. The job involves frequent presentations, data analysis, and strategic planning.

• Bachelor’s Degree: Your foundational degree in Hospitality and Tourism offers you a strong start. However, to deepen your understanding, considering degrees or coursework in Business Administration, Hotel Management, or even Finance can be beneficial.
• Master’s Degree (Recommended): A Master’s in Business Administration (MBA) or a Master’s in Hospitality Management can provide you with advanced knowledge and skills, positioning you as an expert in the industry. This level of education also often delves deeper into strategic planning, financial management, and operations – all crucial for a consultant.
• Specialized Certifications: Depending on the niche you wish to consult in, various industry certifications can enhance your credibility. For instance, the Certified Hospitality Administrator (CHA) or the Certified Food and Beverage Executive (CFBE) from the American Hotel & Lodging Educational Institute can be beneficial.
• Industry Experience: Before you can effectively consult, hands-on experience in the hospitality sector is invaluable. Roles in hotel management, restaurant operations, event planning, or travel coordination can provide the practical insights consultants need to offer actionable advice.
• Networking: Building strong professional relationships is key. Join associations like the Hospitality Sales and Marketing Association International (HSMAI) or the International Society of Hospitality Consultants (ISHC) for networking events, industry updates, and potential business opportunities.

As a Hospitality Consultant, exceptional communication and interpersonal skills enable you to establish trust and rapport with clients. Your analytical mindset allows you to conduct in-depth assessments and identify opportunities for improvement. 

Your Strong project management skills will ensure that consulting projects are executed efficiently and deliver valuable results. Skills in adaptability and resourcefulness will enable you to navigate various challenges and provide tailored solutions that align with each client’s unique needs and goals.

• Average Salary ($73,000)
• Job Outlook (10%)

The average annual salary for Hospitality Consultants is about $73,000 , with the potential for higher earnings based on experience, expertise, and client base. While there isn’t a specific category for Hospitality Consultants, they can be grouped in the broader category of Management Consultants . The job outlook for this category is expected to grow at a rate of 10% from 2022 to 2032. 

As the hospitality industry evolves, businesses will seek consultants to help optimize operations, adapt to market changes, and implement best practices.

9. Meeting and Convention Planner

As a Meeting and Convention Planner, you take on the responsibility of planning and executing various corporate events, conferences, and conventions. Your meticulous attention to detail, organizational prowess, and ability to create seamless event experiences make you an invaluable asset in the fast-paced world of event planning.

As a Meeting and Convention Planner

In the role of a Meeting and Convention Planner, you play a central role in bringing together professionals and industry experts for impactful events.

From researching and selecting event venues to coordinating logistics and managing budgets, you ensure that every aspect of the event runs smoothly. Your expertise in negotiation and vendor management helps secure the best services and resources, contributing to the success of each event.

As a master planner, you thrive in high-pressure situations, making sure that deadlines are met, and attendees experience memorable and productive gatherings.

• High Demand: The demand for skilled Meeting and Convention Planners remains strong, providing job security and potential for career advancement.
• Competitive Salary : Meeting and Convention Planners often earn competitive salaries, which can vary depending on factors like experience, location, and the scale of events they handle. For an entry-level position, you typically start with a reasonable salary which can increase significantly with experience.
• Freelance and Entrepreneurship : Some Meeting and Convention Planners choose to work as freelancers or start their event planning businesses. This entrepreneurial path can offer you substantial financial rewards, especially if you establish a reputation for organizing exceptional events and attracting a steady client base.

Meeting and Convention Planners work in high-pressure environments, organizing events with strict deadlines. They need strong organizational skills to coordinate logistics, manage vendors, and accommodate last-minute changes. Planners spend considerable time communicating with clients and stakeholders, often working long hours on-site during events. Attention to detail and problem-solving abilities are crucial in managing unexpected challenges.

• Bachelor’s Degree: While your degree in Hospitality and Tourism offers a solid foundation, degrees in Event Management, Business Administration, or Public Relations can further provide specialized insights into organizing large-scale events and conventions.
• Certifications: Consider obtaining certifications that are recognized in the event planning industry. The Certified Meeting Professional (CMP) designation, offered by the Events Industry Council, is particularly well-regarded and provides both credibility and advanced knowledge in the field.
• Project Management Courses: Managing large events requires overseeing multiple moving parts, timelines, and stakeholders. Courses in project management can equip you with structured methodologies to handle complex events efficiently.
• Internships and Entry-Level Positions: Gaining hands-on experience through internships or entry-level roles with event management companies, convention centers, or within corporate events departments can be invaluable. Such roles offer practical insights into vendor negotiations, event logistics, and attendee management.

As a Meeting and Convention Planner, exceptional organizational and time management skills are crucial for orchestrating seamless events. Strong attention to detail ensures that every aspect of an event, from scheduling to logistics, is flawlessly executed. 

You’ll also need effective communication and negotiation skills to facilitate collaborations with clients, vendors, and event stakeholders.

Creativity allows you to conceptualize unique event experiences that captivate attendees. Flexibility and adaptability enable you to handle unexpected changes and challenges with composure and efficiency.

The average annual salary for Meeting and Convention Planners is about $52,560 , according to BLS data. The job outlook for Meeting and Convention Planners is expected to grow steadily, with a projected 8% growth rate over the next decade.

As organizations continue to recognize the value of professionally organized events in achieving their goals, skilled Meeting and Convention Planners will remain in demand.

10. Airline Customer Service Agent

As an Airline Customer Service Agent, you play a vital role in assisting travelers with check-in, boarding, and resolving inquiries or concerns. Your friendly demeanor, excellent communication skills, and ability to handle various customer situations with professionalism make you an essential part of delivering exceptional customer service in the aviation industry.

As an Airline Customer Service Agent

You are the first point of contact for travelers at the airport. Your responsibilities include processing ticket reservations, checking passengers in, and assisting with baggage handling. 

Additionally, you provide critical information about flight schedules, delays, and any changes, ensuring that passengers are well-informed and have a hassle-free travel experience. Your ability to remain calm under pressure and deliver top-notch service during peak travel times contributes to creating positive experiences for travelers.

• Financial Incentives: Airline Customer Service Agents often have the chance to earn bonuses and commissions based on various factors, such as meeting or exceeding performance targets, upselling services, or resolving customer issues effectively. This financial incentive can significantly boost your overall income.
• Flexible Shifts: Given the 24/7 operation of airports, agents often have a variety of shift options, which can offer work-life balance or accommodate other commitments.
• Travel Discounts : As an Airline Customer Service Agent, you may enjoy travel benefits, such as discounted or complimentary flights, enabling you to explore new destinations.
• Employee Assistance Programs: Recognizing the sometimes stressful nature of the role, airlines might offer counseling or mental health support programs for their staff.

Airline Customer Service Agents work in fast-paced airport environments, dealing with diverse passenger needs and sometimes irate customers due to flight delays or cancellations. They have irregular shifts, including evenings, weekends, and holidays. Agents remain calm under pressure, handle check-ins, assist with boarding, manage luggage issues, and address various travel-related inquiries.

• Bachelor’s Degree: While your degree in Hospitality and Tourism is highly relevant, further studies in Aviation Management, Business Administration, or Communication can provide additional insights into airline operations and enhanced customer service techniques.
• Industry-Specific Training Programs: Some airlines offer specialized training programs for customer service agents. These often cover airline reservation systems, ticketing procedures, and airline-specific policies.
• Language Courses: Given the international nature of aviation, being multilingual can be a significant advantage. Consider learning widely spoken languages or languages specific to the primary routes the airline operates.
• Technology and Reservation Systems Training: Familiarity with airline reservation and check-in systems is crucial. Some technical schools or community colleges might offer courses on commonly used software in the industry.
• Internships or On-the-Job Training: Starting with internships or entry-level roles at airlines or airports can provide a hands-on understanding of daily operations, procedures, and challenges.

What Skills Make You A Strong Candidate?

As an Airline Customer Service Agent, strong communication skills, both verbal and written, are essential for effectively interacting with passengers and providing clear information. Your patience and empathy enable you to handle challenging customer situations with understanding and professionalism. 

Your attention to detail will be needed to ensure accuracy in processing passenger information and handling ticketing procedures. Adaptability and a positive attitude allow you to thrive in a dynamic and fast-paced airport environment, ensuring that passengers receive excellent service.

• Average Salary ($34,939)
• Job Outlook (-2%)

The average annual salary for Airline Customer Service Agents is about $34,939 in the United States. According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS), employment opportunities for Reservation and Transportation Ticket Agents and Travel Clerks, which includes Airline Customer Service Agents, are projected to decline by about 2% from 2022 to 2032.

However, despite the expected decline, there will always be a need for human interaction, especially for handling special requests, resolving conflicts, or assisting passengers with unique needs.

• Hiring a Customer Service Representative: Job Description Template
• How to Become a Customer Service Representative

11. Travel Blogger/Influencer

As a Travel Blogger/Influencer, you have the unique opportunity to share your travel experiences, recommendations, and insights through captivating content on various digital platforms. Your creativity, storytelling skills, and ability to engage with your followers make you an influential voice in the travel and tourism industry.

As a Travel Blogger/Influencer

Your role as a Travel Blogger/Influencer requires you to captivate and inspire others to discover new destinations and embark on their adventures.

Through written blogs, captivating photographs, and engaging videos, you document your travel experiences, cultural encounters, and hidden gems, making your content a valuable resource for travelers seeking authentic and memorable experiences.

Your ability to curate engaging content and build a loyal following enables you to collaborate with tourism boards, travel brands, and hospitality establishments.

• Travel Opportunities: As a Travel Blogger/Influencer, you may enjoy sponsored trips and collaborations, allowing you to explore various destinations around the world.
• Creative Expression : This career path provides you with a platform to express your creativity through storytelling, photography, and videography.
• Influential Voice: Your role as a Travel Blogger/Influencer allows you to become an influential voice in the travel community, shaping travel trends and inspiring others to explore the world.
• Flexibility : You have the flexibility to work remotely and manage your content creation schedule.

Travel bloggers and influencers have flexible schedules, but their work often blurs the line between personal and professional life. They constantly create content, capturing and editing photos and videos, while engaging with their audience on social media platforms. Their work involves research on destinations, networking, and collaborating with brands. However, maintaining a consistent online presence can lead to feelings of isolation and burnout

• Bachelor’s Degree: Your degree in Hospitality and Tourism provides a strong foundation in understanding the industry. However, degrees or coursework in Journalism, Communications, or Digital Marketing can be beneficial for the content creation and promotion aspects of the role.
• Writing and Journalism Workshops: To produce compelling content, consider workshops or courses that focus on writing skills, storytelling, and journalistic integrity.
• Photography and Videography Classes: Visual content plays a significant role in travel blogging. Courses in photography, videography, or even drone operation can enhance your content and make it stand out.
• Digital Marketing and SEO Courses: Understanding how to promote your content is crucial. Courses in digital marketing, search engine optimization (SEO), and social media management can help increase your blog’s visibility and engagement.
• Networking: Engaging with fellow bloggers, influencers, and industry professionals can provide collaboration opportunities, sponsorships, and insights into emerging trends. Consider attending travel conferences or joining platforms like the Travel Blog Exchange (TBEX).
• Monetization Strategies: Workshops or courses that focus on monetizing online platforms can be beneficial. Topics might include affiliate marketing, sponsored content negotiations, and creating digital products or courses.

As a Travel Blogger/Influencer, your success hinges on several key attributes. A passion for travel and exploration fuels your content and inspires your audience. Strong storytelling abilities enable you to create compelling narratives that resonate with your followers. 

Also, creativity and an eye for capturing beautiful moments will empower you to curate stunning visual content. Consistency and dedication to producing high-quality and authentic content will help you foster trust and loyalty among your audience.

Finally, adaptability and an open mind allow you to embrace new cultures and experiences with enthusiasm, enriching your content and perspective.

• Average Salary ($73,199)

The average income for Travel Bloggers/Influencers is highly variable due to the diverse nature of monetization strategies and audience reach. On average, Travel Bloggers/Influencers earn around $73,199 per year. 

In terms of job outlook, the digital content creation landscape, particularly around blogging and influencer marketing, has witnessed significant growth over the past decade. While there isn’t specific data from the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) on Travel Bloggers/Influencers, the influencer market itself is expected to grow as businesses continue to recognize the value of influencer marketing.

• How to Make Money as a Blogger

12. Destination Marketing Manager

As a Destination Marketing Manager, you play a pivotal role in promoting and showcasing a specific location as an attractive tourist destination. Your expertise in marketing, strategic planning, and creative campaigns will drive tourism growth, making a positive impact on the local economy and community.

As a Destination Marketing Manager

In the capacity of a Destination Marketing Manager, you are the mastermind behind the development and execution of comprehensive marketing strategies to position a destination as a must-visit location.

You collaborate with stakeholders, such as tourism boards, hotels, local businesses, and cultural institutions, to create engaging promotional campaigns. By leveraging various marketing channels, digital platforms, and social media, you inspire travelers to choose your destination for their next adventure.

• Travel bounties : Depending on the destination and your responsibilities, you may enjoy travel perks such as site visits, familiarization trips, and access to exclusive events and attractions. Exploring your destination can be an exciting part of the job.
• Cultural Immersion : You have the opportunity to deeply immerse yourself in the culture, history, and traditions of the destination you’re promoting. This role allows you to become a local expert and share your passion for the region with others.
• Paid Time Off ( PTO ): Most employers provide a standard PTO package, which typically ranges from two to four weeks of paid vacation per year. As you gain seniority, your PTO allotment may increase.
• Salary-by-Location: Salaries can significantly vary by location. Major tourist destinations with a high cost of living may offer higher salaries to compensate. Smaller destinations or regions with a lower cost of living may offer comparatively lower salaries.

Destination Marketing Managers work in offices but frequently travel to promote their destinations. Their schedules may vary, with busy periods during peak travel seasons. They design marketing campaigns, collaborate with local businesses, and attend industry events to attract tourists. Balancing administrative tasks with fieldwork and staying updated with industry trends is essential.

• Bachelor’s Degree: While a degree in Hospitality and Tourism sets a strong foundation, further studies in Marketing, Communications, or Public Relations can provide additional tools and insights necessary for promoting a destination effectively.
• Master’s Degree (Optional but Beneficial): A Master’s in Marketing, Tourism Management, or Business Administration can offer deeper specialization in strategic planning, branding, and market analysis, all of which are essential for a Destination Marketing Manager.
• Digital Marketing and SEO Courses: As much of today’s destination marketing takes place online, understanding digital marketing strategies, search engine optimization (SEO), and pay-per-click (PPC) advertising can be invaluable.
• Content Creation Workshops: Courses in content creation, photography, videography, and storytelling can enhance promotional materials, making them more engaging and compelling.
• Data Analytics and Market Research: Workshops or courses that focus on understanding and interpreting market trends, visitor data, and campaign performance can guide more informed, effective marketing strategies.

As a Destination Marketing Manager, several attributes contribute to your success in the role. Strong leadership skills enable you to guide cross-functional teams and stakeholders toward shared goals.

Excellent communication and negotiation skills empower you to build fruitful partnerships and engage with diverse audiences. Analytical thinking allows you to interpret market data and consumer insights to inform strategic decisions.

Creativity and innovation enable you to develop compelling and memorable marketing campaigns that resonate with travelers.

• Average Salary ($74,821)
• Job Outlook (6%)

The average annual salary for Destination Marketing Managers in the United States is approximately $74,821 . In terms of job outlook, the field of marketing, in general, is expected to see growth. According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS), employment opportunities for Advertising, Promotions, and Marketing Managers, which can include Destination Marketing Managers, are projected to grow by 6% from 2022 to 2032.

As travel trends change and new destinations emerge, the skills of a proficient destination marketing manager will be in demand to position and promote destinations appealingly.

• 15 Most Common Marketing Manager Interview Questions and Answers
• How to Become a Marketing Manager

13. Food and Beverage Manager

As a Food and Beverage Manager, you play a vital role in the hospitality industry, overseeing the culinary and dining operations of restaurants, hotels, and other food service establishments. Your passion for exquisite cuisine, exceptional service, and keen business acumen come together to create memorable dining experiences for guests.

As a Food and Beverage Manager

In the role of a Food and Beverage Manager, you are responsible for managing the day-to-day operations of the food and beverage outlets.

You collaborate with chefs, servers, and bartenders to ensure the highest quality of food and service. Implementing strategic plans, managing budgets, and maintaining excellent guest satisfaction is central to your responsibilities.

• Flexible Schedule : While the hours can be demanding, the schedule often offers flexibility. You may have the chance to take advantage of quieter times to enjoy personal dining experiences or plan leisure activities.
• Bonuses and Incentives: Many establishments offer performance-based bonuses, especially when sales targets or guest satisfaction levels are surpassed.
• Staff Discounts: Beyond meals, managers might enjoy discounts on other services of the hotel or resort, such as spa treatments or room bookings.
• Meal Privileges: Managers typically receive discounted or complimentary meals from their establishment, leading to daily savings.

Food and Beverage Managers work in bustling restaurant environments, overseeing kitchen and service staff. They have irregular schedules, often working late evenings and weekends to accommodate peak dining times. Managers handle inventory, ensure quality control, and address customer feedback. Stamina is required as they spend extended hours on their feet, managing the dining area and interacting with guests.

• Bachelor’s Degree: Your degree in Hospitality and Tourism is a solid foundation. However, further specialization with courses or degrees in Culinary Arts, Restaurant Management, or Nutrition can offer specific insights into food and beverage operations.
• Culinary Training: While not always a necessity, having some formal culinary training or knowledge can be beneficial. It aids in understanding kitchen operations, menu planning, and food quality control.
• Certifications: Depending on your region, you might need certifications in food safety, hygiene, or alcohol service (like ServSafe or TIPS in the U.S.). These ensure compliance with local regulations and best practices.
• Financial Management Courses: A significant part of the role involves budgeting, inventory control, and cost management. Courses in financial management can offer tools and strategies to optimize profitability.
• Wine and Beverage Studies: For establishments emphasizing their beverage programs, specialized courses in wine, spirits, or mixology can be advantageous. Certifications like the Certified Sommelier or Cicerone can further enhance expertise.

As a Food and Beverage Manager, effective communication and interpersonal skills are essential, enabling you to work collaboratively with diverse teams and provide exceptional service to guests. Strong organizational and problem-solving abilities help you manage multiple aspects of operations efficiently. 

Your leadership and team-building skills will foster a positive work environment and ensure the delivery of top-notch service. A deep appreciation for food, culinary trends, and attention to detail contribute to your success in creating unforgettable dining experiences.

• Average Salary ($48,490)

The average annual salary for Food and Beverage Managers is around $48,490 , with opportunities for growth and higher earning potential based on the establishment’s size and success. 

Regarding job outlook, the food and beverage industry is dynamic, with eateries, bars, and hotels continually cropping up. According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS), employment opportunities for Food Service Managers , which include Food and Beverage Managers, are expected to remain stable with no change expected over the next decade. 

14. Spa Manager

As a Spa Manager, you step into a world of relaxation and rejuvenation, overseeing the day-to-day operations of a spa or wellness center. Your role revolves around creating a tranquil oasis for guests, where they can unwind and experience the benefits of various spa treatments and therapies.

As a Spa Manager

You are responsible for managing all aspects of the spa facility. From scheduling appointments and coordinating treatments to supervising spa staff, your leadership ensures the smooth and seamless functioning of the spa. Your attention to detail, exceptional customer service, and commitment to promoting health and wellness contribute to the spa’s success.

• Performance-Based Raises: High-performance Spa Managers may receive regular raises or performance-based increases in their base salary.
• Natural and Organic Products: The spa industry often embraces natural and organic products. Spa Managers may have access to high-quality skincare and wellness products as part of their job benefits.
• Holistic Health Knowledge: Spa Managers often gain knowledge in holistic health practices, such as aromatherapy, meditation, and alternative therapies. This knowledge can be applied to improve personal well-being.
• Retirement Plans: Larger spa establishments may provide retirement plans, such as 401(k) or pension contributions, to help managers save for their future.

Spa Managers work in serene settings but manage a demanding schedule. They oversee staff and client appointments, which may require working evenings and weekends. Managers ensure a relaxing experience for guests, handle inventory and equipment maintenance, and maintain a serene atmosphere. Strong interpersonal skills are needed to manage both staff and clients’ expectations.

• Bachelor’s Degree: Your degree in Hospitality and Tourism lays a firm groundwork. However, further studies in Health & Wellness, Business Management, or Holistic Therapies can offer insights tailored to the unique requirements of managing a spa.
• Certifications in Spa Therapies: Understanding the treatments your spa offers is essential. Consider gaining certifications in massage therapy , esthetics , or other spa-related treatments. This not only equips you with hands-on knowledge but can also help in training staff or ensuring quality control.
• Customer Service Training: A spa thrives on repeat clientele and positive word of mouth. Workshops or courses that emphasize customer satisfaction, conflict resolution, and communication can be invaluable in maintaining a loyal customer base.

As a Spa Manager, strong communication skills are essential for effectively engaging with guests and spa staff. Empathy and a nurturing demeanor help you create a warm and welcoming spa environment.

Your organizational abilities enable you to manage schedules, inventory, and client records efficiently. A passion for wellness and a commitment to delivering exceptional guest experiences are key attributes that contribute to your success in spa management.

• Average Salary ($58,490)

The average annual salary for Spa Managers is about $58,490 , with the potential for higher earnings based on the spa’s size and location. According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS), while there isn’t a specific category for “Spa Managers,” the broader category of “Lodging Managers,” which can encompass some spa management roles, especially in hotel or resort settings, is projected to grow by 7% from 2022 to 2032.

15. Casino Manager

As a Casino Manager, you step into the vibrant and electrifying world of the gaming industry, overseeing the operations of a casino or gaming establishment. Your role involves managing casino staff, ensuring regulatory compliance, and creating an exciting and secure gaming environment for patrons.

As a Casino Manager

You are responsible for the day-to-day management of the casino floor. Your duties include overseeing table games, slot machines, and other gaming activities, as well as monitoring the casino’s financial performance.

You work closely with security and surveillance teams to ensure a safe and fair gaming experience for guests.

• Gaming Perks: Casino Managers often receive special access to the casino’s gaming facilities. This can include complimentary chips, free plays, or discounts on gambling activities, allowing them to enjoy the casino’s offerings during their off-hours.
• Fine Dining: Many casinos boast high-end restaurants and dining establishments. Casino Managers may receive discounts or complimentary meals at these venues, making fine dining more accessible.
• Networking Opportunities: Casino Managers frequently interact with influential individuals in the gaming and entertainment industry, providing opportunities for networking and professional growth.
• Flexible Hours: While casino management can involve long hours, it often offers flexibility in scheduling, allowing managers to adjust their work hours to fit their personal lives.
• Comprehensive Benefits: Larger casino companies may offer comprehensive benefits packages, including health insurance, retirement plans, and paid time off, ensuring the well-being and financial security of their managers.

Casino Managers work in 24/7 environments, overseeing gaming operations and staff. Their schedules include nights, weekends, and holidays to ensure continuous operations. Managers monitor security, manage customer disputes, and collaborate with regulatory authorities. They need to stay vigilant to prevent fraudulent activities and ensure responsible gambling practices.

• Bachelor’s Degree: Your degree in Hospitality and Tourism offers a foundational understanding of the broader industry. However, further studies or coursework in Business Management, Finance, or even Gaming Management can provide the specialized knowledge necessary for casino operations.
• Gaming and Casino Operations Courses: Consider programs or courses that delve into the intricacies of gaming rules, casino regulations, and operational procedures specific to casinos.
• Financial Management Courses: Managing a casino involves significant financial transactions and oversight. Courses in financial management, auditing, and risk assessment can equip you with the required skills.
• Licensing and Regulatory Compliance: It’s essential to understand the gaming regulations and licensing requirements in your jurisdiction. Engaging in formal training or workshops related to gaming laws and regulations can be beneficial.

As a Casino Manager, strong leadership and communication skills are essential for effectively managing casino staff and interacting with guests.

Attention to detail is crucial for ensuring compliance with gaming regulations and maintaining the integrity of casino operations. Analytical and strategic thinking help you make informed decisions that drive the casino’s success.

Your ability to maintain composure in high-pressure situations and resolve conflicts contributes to a positive gaming experience for all patrons.

• Average Salary ($95,830)

According to the BLS, The average annual salary for Casino Managers is about $95,830 , with the potential for higher earnings based on the casino’s size and location. While the data doesn’t include stats for job outlook, it’s positive. This is due to the expansion of legalized gambling in various states and the growing acceptance of the gaming industry as a legitimate form of entertainment. As more states look towards gaming as a source of revenue and job creation, opportunities for Casino Managers are likely to expand.

• How to Become a Casino Dealer

Making the Right Career Choice

A degree in hospitality and tourism offers diverse and exciting career opportunities. The industry’s positive outlook and potential for growth make it a particularly excellent choice for a fulfilling career.

As with all career paths though, advancing your skills, specializing in your areas of interest, and obtaining relevant certifications will enable you to grow and attain top leadership in whatever role you decide to tow.  

About the Author

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• Hospitality Industry

Hospitality management careers list for hotel enthusiasts

May 07, 2024 •

8 min reading

If you love hotels, then you will be glad to hear that they offer many amazing career paths. There are many diverse positions within a hotel but in this article, we will cover 10 possible career paths that hotel lovers should consider. From concierge to reservation manager, you have many key roles, all of which are vital to ensuring hotel operations run smoothly. With so many career paths available in hotels, it might be difficult to find just the right one. To help you get started, here’s a look at all the different jobs in this industry and the skills that will help you build a successful career.

What are the different positions in a hotel?

Hotels are dynamic and multifaceted establishments that require a diverse set of skills, making the list of hotel positions quite extensive. So, what specific job roles are essential to fill within a hotel setting?

Navigating through the diverse job titles in the hospitality industry can be a bit perplexing due to the overlapping responsibilities. If you're considering a career in hotels, be prepared to embrace versatility and become a master of many trades.

In this comprehensive overview of careers in the hotel industry, we will delve into some of the various roles that contribute to the seamless operation of a hotel property.

1. Concierge

When people come to hotels, they often arrive from far-flung destinations, leaving them in the dark about what the area has to offer. You can ensure they receive info about all the key venues and attractions in the area by becoming a concierge.

By taking on this role, you will man the phones and answer patrons’ questions about shopping, dining, and recreational opportunities all around the hotel. As you determine their needs and zero in on their preferences, you handle all the arrangements as well. You might need to buy tickets, make reservations, and even deliver items directly to their rooms.

To fulfill all their requests, you need unmatched customer service skills and the ability to think fast on your feet. You also need a strong working knowledge of all the businesses in the surrounding area and their commitment to customer satisfaction. Problem-solving, patience, and attentiveness are a few other soft skills that will serve you well in this field.

2. Front desk supervisor

As a front desk supervisor, also known as the front of house , you are in charge of ensuring everyone can check in and out with ease. Your job duties will mostly center around supervising the front desk staff and ensuring they surpass all your guests’ expectations. By providing your team with guidance and support, you can ensure everyone has the best experience possible while staying at the hotel.

On an average day, you might spend some time:

• Delegating duties to your front desk team and filling in as needed
• Greeting guests as they come through the front doors
• Helping with check-in and providing their room keys
• Sorting and delivering mail plus providing phone messages
• Collecting payments and completing checkout procedures

You will also use your understanding of the hotel to anticipate customers’ needs and respond accordingly.

Time management, leadership , and customer service are the most important skills to have while fulfilling these job duties. Your ability to apply your critical thinking skills to solving novel problems will also come in handy, day in and day out.

3. Guest relations manager

As a guest relations manager, you will act as the main source of support for all the guests at the hotel. Your efforts will support the front desk staff in exceeding expectations at every turn. You may speak with the patrons after check-in, verifying their experience was up to par and gathering feedback for future improvements.

You will also need to respond to all concerns and complaints, providing prompt resolutions that keep guests satisfied with their hotel experience. Most of your correspondence will occur by phone or email, though in-person chats are needed from time to time as well.

No matter how you interface with your customers, you must be able to quickly present appropriate solutions to their problems. Your solutions should not only ensure their satisfaction but also abide by hotel policies. Your communication skills will come into play through every phase of the process as you chat with guests and relay expectations to the rest of your team.

4. Hotel event planner or conference manager

Hotels don't only serve as a place for an overnight stay, but also as a venue for hosting events. Each hotel may be equipped with a variety of facilities meant to host these events, such as large dining areas, conference or meeting rooms, ballrooms, and in some cases, concert venues. To help these events go smoothly and provide guests and hosts with the service they need, a staff member will be hired to help coordinate these events. Hotel event planners and conference managers are tasked with planning, managing, and executing whatever events are held at the hotel, whether they are weddings, award ceremonies, trade shows, or any other business or social event.

Event planning can be the ideal job for those looking for an exciting career that requires multiple skills to perform. The job requires strong attention to detail, the ability to communicate and negotiate effectively with both clients and vendors, budgeting skills to make the most of a client's funds, strategic planning to organize the event as well as plan for any contingencies, and the fortitude to juggle a multitude of tasks at once.

While education is important to develop the skills needed for event planning, another way to better prepare yourself for this position is by working various hotel events to gain a better understanding of how to plan and run events. This type of on-site work will help you to gain experience in the planning aspect, on-site delivery, and the supervising of the space during the event.

5. Housekeeping director

Another crucial part of the hotel hospitality staff is the Housekeeping director. In this position, you will be responsible for supervising all the housekeeping employees and staff, including hiring and terminating employees. Other duties in this position require training staff, performing regular inspections, and keeping within the budget of that department.

The Housekeeping director will also need to assign duties to the housekeeping staff and manage daily and weekly schedules. They will also be required to report all of their observations to supervisors and supply requisitions for housekeeping materials as necessary for the completion of the housekeeping staff's duties.

6. Banquet manager

Another esteemed role within the hospitality industry is that of a banquet manager - a seasoned professional who leads in orchestrating events, banquets, and galas with finesse.

The banquet manager's role encompasses meticulously planning the event's layout and setup, as well as overseeing the team that caters to guests. This position has the power to influence the event's cost, scale, and quality, the banquet manager strives to optimize efficiency while delivering an unparalleled event experience. From meticulous planning to flawless execution, the banquet manager excels in orchestrating every aspect of the event. 

You will likely have to deal directly with clients, be it other businesses, charities or individuals hosting the event in questionm, and work with them to bring their event concept to life, manage expectations, budgets and deadlines. You will most likely need to have a creative flair, the ability to negotiate with contractors, manage staff and monitor food and beverage stock levels and quality.

7. Reservation manager

Entering the reservation manager role puts you in charge of bringing people into the hotel in droves. You will work with the marketing and front desk team to keep the rooms full of happy guests. You may send over new rate plans and promotions to the advertising team, helping them drum up interest. Then, let the front desk know about any reservations coming their way.

To fulfill your job duties, you will likely use a computer to access and update the in-house reservation systems. Phone work is a given as well, as you reach out to all the different department heads. You will likely need to manage a small team of like-minded professionals, including those tasked with setting reservations for your clients.

While in this role, your time management, customer service, and teamwork skills will regularly help you out. You must have strong organization skills and the ability to accurately forecast demand for rooms. In creating these forecasts, you will need to use your understanding of the travel industry as a whole and tap into past data to make accurate predictions.

8. Restaurant manager

Many hotels offer guests the convenience of in-house dining options, including restaurants and food service stations for room service. The restaurant manager plays a key role in overseeing menus, training staff on preparing delicious room service meals, and enticing guests to savor the culinary delights on offer.

Additionally, the restaurant manager ensures strict sanitation measures are in place to uphold cleanliness and safety standards in the kitchen and dining areas. The skills required for a restaurant manager range from customer service, to accounting, haelth and safety and much more.

9. Food & Beverage manager

Food and Beverage managers in hotels take charge of overseeing the procurement and storage procedures for all ingredients and beverages within the establishment. This encompasses managing the flow of food to hotel restaurants, room service hubs, complimentary beverage and snack stations, as well as snack bars offering packaged and refrigerated treats for purchase in rooms. They frequently collaborate with chefs and banquet managers to coordinate food orders and uphold optimal inventory levels.

Thie F&B manager would also be responsible for the coordination, planning, and delivery of the beverages and food that the hotel will use for its functions. This will all need to be done while maintaining the customer service and budget goals set forth by the hotel.

Duties that are commonly associated with a Food and Beverage manager include making a budget for the food, sales, and labor costs linked to the ordering and delivery of the food and beverage, making sure that you control costs while still delivering the required level of service.

You will also need to manage inventory of non-consumable items such as linens, glassware, equipment, and other tableware, complete and oversee weekly staff scheduling, and supervise the day-to-day activities of the food and beverage staff.

10. General manager

The hotel's General manager supervises all departments within the establishment, including housekeeping, food service, front desk, valet, and concierge teams. They are responsible for conducting interviews for new hires and overseeing the hiring process utilized by other managers.

Additionally, general managers play a crucial role in creating and managing the hotel budget, providing regular reports to executives within the hospitality company on the location's performance and financial outcomes.

As you weigh your job options in the hotel world, just think about the impact you can make in each role. Through your efforts, you can help people make the most of their vacations, business trips, and other travels. All you have to do is select your ideal role based on your personality, skills and interests and move toward securing a position at your preferred hotel.

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15 Careers in Hospitality Management You Can Pursue

Explore the wide variety of careers available in Hospitality Management.

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When you hear the word “hospitality,” do you think about the way an all-inclusive resort dotes upon you or how your favorite restaurant creates a warm and inviting vibe?

Those businesses certainly live within the world of hospitality, but they’re just the beginning—the hospitality industry is wide-reaching, spanning dozens of careers across a great number of businesses and appealing to people with a myriad of personalities, backgrounds, and aspirations.

Here’s an explanation of the industry, a description of some of the skills and background you may need for it, and a sampling of possible careers in hospitality management, plus how you can get started on your way to one of them.

What Is Hospitality Management?

The hospitality industry covers a vast array of jobs and careers. This labor sector focuses on operations in restaurants, hotels, resorts, catering companies, hospitals, and more.

Some roles are customer-facing, and some are behind the scenes in administration or operations. Opportunities also exist in everything from small independent operations to multinational chains and corporations and for people looking for a summer job to those pursuing a long-term career.

The industry is typically divided into five sectors: Food and Beverage (F&B); Travel and Tourism; Recreation and Entertainment; Lodging (or Accommodations); and Meetings and Events.

Skills and Background for Hospitality Jobs

Because the industry itself is so wide-ranging, the necessary skills and background are too.

Your baseline will include good time management skills and the ability to adapt and find solutions. Then, depending on the line of work you pursue, you might need good communication skills, an aptitude for finances, or an understanding of operations.

If you’ve already been working, it’s likely that the expertise you’ve picked up in your current and past roles can transfer to hospitality. Consider: an elementary school teacher knows all about planning, relating to different personalities, juggling expectations from people in various roles, and stretching a budget. Imagine how many different hospitality jobs and careers would value that experience!

In addition to on-the-job skills, you might also consider going to culinary school to earn a degree in Hospitality & Restaurant Operations Management. Escoffier’s coursework covers many of the various skills you may need in the hospitality industry.

15 Possible Careers in Hospitality Management

Ready for some examples? Here are 15 hospitality management careers that you could pursue, nestled within the five sectors.

Food and Beverage

This sector includes jobs and careers related to distribution as well as the typical careers you might envision in restaurants and catering.

Some careers in F&B include:

• Restaurant owner or manager : These folks know the restaurant business inside and out, from food prep and service to the logistics of ordering supplies and managing payroll.
• Food truck owner : Maybe you like the idea of running a smaller operation and going out to the people. A food truck might be a good fit. As with any business idea, make sure you do your due diligence about how to run a food truck .
• Catering company owner or employee : This industry is split between on-site catering, like for weddings and other large events, or off-site catering, where you prep everything elsewhere and then bring it in. There’s a lot of opportunity, whether you decide to start a home-based catering company or work for someone else.

Travel and Tourism

This is a great sector for folks who love to travel or even just love to talk about travel. You can look for a job or career that takes you around the world or find one that keeps you close to home.

Some careers in Travel and Tourism include:

• Cruise ship or cruise line manager : Cruise ships are sometimes referred to as floating hotels or mini cities out on the ocean. You could be in charge of activities or entertainment, manage the restaurants on board, be in charge of housekeeping, and a number of other roles.
• Travel agent : In this role, you can help other people plan their dream vacations and business trips while having your own consistent home base. Of course, the perks of the job mean you might sometimes get sent on trips so you can become familiar with the locations.
• Food Tourism : Culinary tourists travel in search of opportunity to experience locations via their food. This is a unique opportunity for anyone with culinary expertise to help fellow foodies have a great time.

Meetings and Events

As long as there are businesses, there will be meetings. And someone needs to help organize them. If you’re good at handling details as well as communication, you might check this sector out; it includes not only business meetings but events like weddings or bar mitzvahs, too.

Some roles in Meetings and Events include:

• Event Planner : Event planners coordinate the details of all kinds of special events—a company’s product launch, a charity event, trade shows, or award ceremonies.
• Entertainment Manager : This role still includes a number of moving parts but is focused on a specific aspect of an event, booking the band or singers or magicians. They’ll handle interviews, bookings, negotiations, and budgets
• Wedding Planner : If you can juggle a number of moving parts while simultaneously keeping potentially nervous people calm, this could be a job or career for you—and a rewarding one, as you get to help people plan one of the biggest events of their lives.

Lodging/Accommodations

These roles encompass any of the myriad of positions related to the places people stay when traveling. A few roles here include:

• Hotel management : A hotel manager can be focused on a particular aspect of the business, like food service or front desk, or they might handle a variety of departments. Often, they recruit and train staff, set budgets, make sure all licenses are up-to-date, lead sales and marketing, and handle complaints.
• Vacation rental manager : This includes companies that have their own listings—like an agency on a popular shoreline that lists beach houses—and those that manage others, like a company that works as a property manager for Airbnb listings for individuals.
• RV Park manager : Luxury campgrounds boast many of the same kinds of amenities as a hotel but with a different layout and challenges. But they still have staff, bookings, budgets, food service, and entertainment to take care of.

Recreation and Entertainment

Sometimes, sectors will overlap with each other, and this is a good example—if you’re working in concert planning, you might find crossover between some roles here and in event management.

Some roles here include:

• Concessions : This can include positions that oversee the concession stands at concert and sports venues or the coordination of food trucks for an outdoor event or pop-up stands for a carnival.
• Country Club manager : This role can include overseeing food service and guest services as well as budgeting, facilities maintenance, and staffing.
• Theme park manager : Once again, here’s a role where food service knowledge is necessary, plus expertise in facilities maintenance, staffing, budgeting, event planning, and more.

Hospitality Includes So Much More: 8 Bonus Ideas

This list barely scratches the surface. Whatever your interest and experience, you can probably connect it to a potential career in hospitality management.

Here are some other ideas to help you brainstorm:

• Bar or nightclub owner or manager
• Airline culinary operations manager or customer service manager
• Human resources for a restaurant group, hotel, or other hospitality business
• Distribution representative or manager for a food or beverage manufacturer
• Buyer or manager for food or beverage retailer like Costco, Sam’s Club, or Total Wine
• Manager with major food providers for schools, nursing homes, and hospitals like Aramark or Sodexo
• Educator at a culinary school
• Consultant for hospitality businesses

Tips for Choosing Your Path

With so many options ahead of you, how do you know which career path is right for you? Here are some tips to help you narrow down your choices.

Write Down What Interests You About Hospitality

What is it that draws you to this field?

Is it helping people to celebrate life’s big moments? Then event planning, catering, or managing a hotel or resort with a honeymoon or anniversary crowd may be good options.

Do you want opportunities to travel? Hospitality management on a cruise ship involves the service of a resort and travel to some of the world’s most beautiful places.

As you evaluate your options, look at where your skills and preferences overlap with the jobs that interest you, and where you identify some gaps. Can those gaps be filled with the right training and education, and are you willing to put in the work?

Food trucks are as popular as ever and could provide a flexible business opportunity.

Think About What Work Environments Sound Appealing

The vibe of a Las Vegas nightclub can be wildly different from a wedding venue. And yet, they’re both hospitality businesses.

Are you a night owl extrovert who loves to be in the thick of things? Or do you prefer a more structured work environment that has you at home every evening? There’s a place for both types—and many others—in hospitality management.

A career should play to your strengths. If you’re the sociable type, you may prefer a customer-facing position. If you’re more introverted, you may fare better in an office position that focuses on your employees rather than the customers.

A career in hospitality management can take many forms.

You’ll never really know what a job is like until you try it. A quick way to do this without making a major commitment is to shadow someone for a few days or to do an industry externship .

In Auguste Escoffier School of Culinary Arts’ online Hospitality & Restaurant Operations Management program, all students will complete a hands-on industry externship before they graduate with their associate degree. You can use this opportunity to find out what these careers are like and “try it on” to see if it’s a good fit.

If you think you’ve found the organization for you, your externship can be a great way to get your foot in the door. Escoffier Hospitality & Restaurant Operations Management Instructor Vicki Berger says, “The externship class allows students—even those with no prior experience—to get their foot in the door. Once they gain that valuable experience, it is easier for them to determine which path they want to take with their careers.”

That initial externship could lead to bigger and better things down the line.

Where to Start with Your Hospitality Management Career

With so many opportunities ahead of you, you may not know where to start.

An education foothold is critical, especially for those who don’t have 20 years of experience. Hospitality management is management. These positions play a large role in the profitability of the business, and they are very often leadership roles as well.

An education can also help you to understand your employees’ job descriptions and challenges. This makes for more empathetic and effective managers and gives graduates tools to help resolve staff issues.

With Escoffier’s online associate degree program in Hospitality & Restaurant Operations Management, students are provided with a foundation for a successful future in hospitality management, in all its many forms. Professionalism and communications, customer service, leadership, and human resources can give students an array of soft skills and management tools. Coursework in menu design, catering and events, beverage service operations, cost control , and facilities operations introduce them to the business side of hospitality.

This bird’s eye view of hospitality and restaurant operations management leaves students prepared for an entry-level management position in any hospitality organization.

And since the program is 100% online (with a hands-on industry externship), students can complete their education while they work full-time or part-time, and still have time for friends and family.

An online degree can provide you the flexibility to get a degree while still working or tending to other responsibilities.

Is Hospitality Management for You?

Some people just know they’re destined to be leaders. Whether that means opening their own restaurant or bar, keeping things running smoothly in a boutique hotel, or climbing the ranks with a major food and beverage provider like Sodexo, hospitality management can appeal to leaders.

Gain insight into the industry and start from a place of business knowledge by getting your associate degree in Hospitality & Restaurant Operations Management from Escoffier.

TO LEARN MORE ABOUT ONLINE EDUCATION AND HOSPITALITY MANAGEMENT, TRY THESE ARTICLES NEXT:

• How Full-Time, Working Adults Can Succeed in Online Learning
• Should Restaurant Owners Go to Culinary School?
• 8 Career Paths If You Want to Be a Food Entrepreneur

*Information may not reflect every student’s experience. Results and outcomes may be based on several factors, such as geographical region or previous experience.

**This article was originally published on July 23, 2021 and has since been updated.

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Top 10 Hospitality Careers: Job Descriptions and Salary Ranges

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Working in hospitality means cultivating unforgettable experiences for people all over the globe. In the U.S. alone, tourists spent $3 billion every day in 2018, according to the U.S. Travel Association. This included both business and leisure spending –– on travel and lodging, sightseeing, entertainment, and food and beverage. While certain holidays and vacation weeks tend to draw the biggest crowds, tourism remains a year-round industry. Many businesses in the tourism and hospitality industry operate all day, every day for the entirety of the year.

When the hospitality and tourism industries move forward from the COVID-19 pandemic, there will continue to be a demand for careers in the field. To pursue these opportunities with confidence, individuals would do well to equip themselves with a degree in tourism and hospitality management, like one of UCF Online’s hospitality degrees . Tourism and hospitality management degrees prepare students to enter a variety of hospitality careers. Graduates can advance their careers at exciting venues that include hotels, cruise ships, amusement parks, catering halls, casinos, restaurants, and more. Managing those businesses takes a special blend of skills, knowledge, and expertise, which individuals can develop with the right degree. What positions can graduates pursue? Read on to find out.

Jump Into an Exciting Career in Hospitality

There are many careers one can get into with a degree in hotel and tourism management. Here are 10 terrific options that could lead you to exciting careers throughout the country, and even abroad.

Hotel Manager Careers

Every hotel wants their guests to have a perfect stay. The hotel manager’s job is to make sure that happens and to fix any issues that arise when it doesn’t. Hotel managers need to be big-picture problem-solvers who can think quickly on their feet, keep a level head when dealing with difficult customers and situations, and motivate their employees to reach and maintain high standards. Hotel managers oversee the operations of facilities from smaller boutique inns through mega-destination resorts, with their job duties determined by the size of the hotel and staff.

Not only do hotel managers train and oversee staff, but they are often responsible for booking large groups and events, ensuring that catering operations run smoothly, and stay on top of maintenance and cleaning. In larger hotels and resorts, different managers might split these duties, each overseeing a specific department.

Restaurant Manager Careers

While chefs might receive much of the attention for the work they do in the kitchen, restaurant managers ensure that those chefs have supplies, support, and guests to serve. Restaurant managers are usually responsible for training and staffing the restaurant, creating budgets and marketing, ordering new equipment, and handling large parties or reservations. In some restaurants, they may even be in charge of menu changes and food ordering. Restaurant managers often work long hours, communicate clearly with patrons, co-workers, and suppliers, and use their eye for detail to meet the specific demands of a fast-paced industry.

Events Manager Careers

The best events managers are so good at their jobs, nobody knows they are there. Their job is to plan and facilitate large events, ensuring that the attendees enjoy the event as much as possible. Events include concerts, conventions, weddings, bar and bat mitzvahs, parades, and charity balls. Event managers might be self-employed entrepreneurs, work for hotels and resorts, or within municipalities and local governments. Planning events on such a scale can require a team of planning specialists, all under the direction of the events manager. They meet with clients to create a vision for the event, then work with vendors, venues, catering staff, entertainers, and others to make the event come to life. This intricate job includes obtaining permits for use of public space, working with caterers to feed hundreds or thousands of people, arrange entertainment, facilitate staffing, sales, and marketing. If all goes to plan, the event runs smoothly, and the manager can enjoy the satisfaction of their clients having an unforgettable time.

Casino Manager Careers

Casino work presents a fun and interesting challenge in the world of hospitality careers. Casinos can be loud, energetic?, and full of activity, with tables and slot machines running around the clock. They are often connected to hotels and resorts which include multiple restaurants, retail outlets, and entertainment venues. Casino managers are responsible for the operations of the casino itself, including the games and employees that work the floor. It’s their job to have a thorough knowledge of customer demand for different gaming options, adjusting constantly to maximize both consumer enjoyment as well as profits. They are also responsible for hiring and training employees, including dealers, waitstaff, shift supervisors, and pit bosses. In a business with so much money changing hands, casino managers need to be especially vigilant of all moving parts.

Cruise Director Careers

This is a career where you’ll definitely need your sea legs. Cruise directors serve on cruise ships, where it’s their job to oversee the entertainment operations onboard. Modern cruise ships can serve upwards of four or five thousand people in a single trip, many of whom will spend a lot of time onboard, enjoying all that the ship offers by way of food and entertainment. Cruises often feature musicians and stage acts, and have established casinos, sports facilities, arcades, pools, lounges, restaurants, and bars. When cruises stop at ports of call, customers often go on excursions, exploring the local attractions. Cruise directors must have detailed knowledge of each port, making sure they can point clients towards fun and safe onshore activities. These hospitality professionals set the schedule of activities, evaluate their success, and make changes to the cruise’s entertainment choices to maximize enjoyment while staying on budget.

Executive Chef Careers

Chefs and cooks who want to advance in their careers can pursue a hospitality degree to earn an executive chef position. Executive chefs, in short, run the kitchen. While chefs are responsible solely for cooking high-quality food, executive chefs also manage all kitchen staff. Their duties include making hiring and firing decisions, staying on top of food ordering and costs, setting menu prices, making changes to the menu, and determining daily specials. Executive chefs must have years of culinary training and on-the-job experience, and typically also have a bachelor’s degree in culinary arts or hospitality. Education is especially important for chefs who want to work at a high-end or Michelin-starred restaurant, where they put their learned skills in management and operations to work. UCF Online’s Bachelor of Science in Hospitality Management can help chefs develop the leadership skills necessary for this position. Working as an executive chef means working long hours, including nights and weekends, in a fast-paced environment. For those who thrive in such an environment, the job can also be quite financially and emotionally rewarding.

Food and Beverage Director Careers

Large restaurants, or hotels and resorts with restaurants, offer many careers in hospitality, like food and beverage directors. Professionals in this position collaborate with restaurant managers and executive chefs. Food and beverage directors order ingredients and supplies, and monitor costs and expenditures. They work with chefs to create menus, ensuring the restaurant can keep a creative focus while also staying realistic about budget, costs, and menu prices. They also oversee food preparation and storage, ensuring that their restaurant is compliant with health and safety codes. At some establishments, food and beverage directors also work with bartenders and liquor distributors to create and showcase on-trend drinks, helping to maximize profits while keeping patrons excited about their options.

Director of Catering Careers

Catering exists at the intersection of cooking and event planning. Directors of Catering must plan to feed large groups of people simultaneously, overseeing a staff that’s capable of producing hundreds — if not thousands — of meals during a single event. Catering directors must have an in-depth understanding of food costs and be able to estimate food consumption based on factors like the size of the group and the duration of the event. They have an understanding of bulk purchasing, preparation times, storage availability, food costs, and cook times. By accounting for these many factors, they help to eliminate waste and maximize profits.

Attractions Manager Careers

All over the globe, tourist attractions draw crowds. People gather at amusement parks, landmarks, historical sites, and monuments to learn, celebrate, or simply take in the sight. Attractions managers run operations that enhance visitors’ experiences. At a national park, for example, the attractions manager might oversee staffing and park ranger training, control crowd size and flow, and oversee safety operations. At a historical site, they are often responsible for overseeing educators, managing budgets, interacting with the media, and working with local businesses to promote events. Attractions managers are energetic multi-taskers who thrive on creating great visitor experiences while tending to the needs and considerations of their staff.

Social Media Strategist Careers

Social media strategists are pivotal in every industry in today’s hyper-connected world. Roles like this one are increasingly important in travel and hospitality, as more and more people research and book their accommodations online. Social media strategists promote their clients (whether a resort, a tour company, a hotel, or other business) online, connecting them with viable customers and determining the best ways to appeal to them through social channels. In order to build a social media following, these digitally savvy hospitality experts might create promotions and develop online-exclusive deals. In the modern world, the right social media strategy helps businesses thrive, and the social media strategist is a key part of that. Earning the right skills in digital marketing and development through a certificate like UCF Online’s Hospitality and Tourism Technologies Certificate program offers aspiring social media strategists in the hospitality industry a deep understanding of digital marketing.

Average Pay for Hospitality Careers

Almost all hospitality careers pay a median salary of around $50,000, though some can bring in as much as $100,000 per year. How much you earn may vary depending on the job itself, your level of experience, and even your geographic region.

The U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) reports on the median annual salary of a few specific careers within the hospitality industry, as of May 2018. Based on these reports, chefs earn approximately $48,460 annually, food service managers earn $54,240, lodging managers earn $53,390, and meeting and event planners earn about $49,370. PayScale.com reports that the average annual salary for casino managers is $102,494, the highest number in the group. PayScale also maintains annual salary data for food and beverage directors ($67,216), catering directors ($59,685), cruise directors ($57,676), social media strategists ($51,869), and attractions managers ($42,979).

Get Started With an Online Hospitality Degree from UCF

All of these careers can put you in a fast-paced, rewarding position that allows you to make people’s lives more enjoyable while putting to use your communication, collaborative, and organizational skills. One of UCF Online’s hospitality degrees , such as our new online Bachelor of Science in Restaurant & Foodservice Management , Bachelor of Science in Senior Living Management , or Master of Science in Hospitality and Tourism Management , can open up possibilities in the field, and help you land the job you want.

Online Hospitality Degrees at UCF

• Destination Marketing and Management
• Event Leadership, MS
• Event Management
• Event Management, BS
• Financial Management for the Hospitality and Tourism Industry
• Hospitality and Tourism Management, MS
• Hospitality and Tourism Technologies
• Hospitality Management, BS
• Leadership and Strategy in Hospitality and Tourism
• Lifestyle Community Management, BS
• Lodging and Restaurant Management, BS
• Travel Technology and Analytics, MS

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The tourism and hospitality career progression pathway

International Hospitality Review

ISSN : 2516-8142

Article publication date: 22 July 2022

Issue publication date: 25 March 2024

The aim of this study was to conduct a comprehensive investigation into declining and emerging occupations and job titles and to develop a national career progression pathway for the tourism and hospitality (T&H) sector.

Design/methodology/approach

Anchored on the Social Cognitive Career Theory, this study used face to face in-depth interviews of 33 industry stakeholders: policymakers, trade association, training providers and beneficiaries (T&H).

The finding reveals that only the “watchman” occupation was identified as the declining job while majority of the emerging jobs were more related to information technology and environmental occupations (website designers, digital marketers, data analysts, hygienists, and safety and hazard experts).

Practical implications

The findings provide a valuable signal for the growing number of jobs in security services, hygiene and information technology-oriented occupations, which the Ministry of Tourism, Arts and Culture including practitioners including HR directors and general managers should respond timely to and to these growing needs in order to remain competitive in the sector.

Originality/value

This is the first study in context that responded to a call by industry players to fill in a practical knowledge gap in examining declining and emerging jobs and job titles in the T&H sector. The study provides vocational insights into mapping the entry level requirements for the jobs allied with occupations in the national technical and vocational educational training qualifications framework of Ghana at the national level.

• Career progression pathway
• Declining occupation
• Emerging occupation
• Social cognitive career theory
• Tourism and hospitality

Preko, A. and Anyigba, H. (2024), "The tourism and hospitality career progression pathway", International Hospitality Review , Vol. 38 No. 1, pp. 54-80. https://doi.org/10.1108/IHR-02-2022-0005

Emerald Publishing Limited

Copyright © 2022, Alexander Preko and Hod Anyigba

Published in International Hospitality Review . Published by Emerald Publishing Limited. This article is published under the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY 4.0) licence. Anyone may reproduce, distribute, translate and create derivative works of this article (for both commercial and non-commercial purposes), subject to full attribution to the original publication and authors. The full terms of this licence may be seen at http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/4.0/legalcode

Introduction

A career development path provides employees with an ongoing mechanism to enhance their skills and knowledge that can lead to mastery of their current jobs, promotions and transfers to new or different positions – Society of Human Resource Management ( SHRM, 2017 , p. 12).

Employability and career development in the tourism and hospitality (T&H) industry has become the key focus for researchers and practitioners, particularly for hotels, restaurants, amusement parks, cruises, events, casinos, parks, entertainment and other tourism-related services ( Calinaud, Kokkranikal, & Gebbels, 2021 ). To this end, employers in the hospitality and tourism sector are directing efforts toward recruiting and selecting industry-specific talents and candidates for jobs in the sector to avert underperformance and turnover rates ( Aicher, Buning, & Newland, 2020 ; Calinaud et al. , 2021 ; Cassel, Thulemark, & Duncan, 2018 ). The barriers to career development in the T&H industry and hence their mobility in the industry are evident, and have been in the apparent frame of attention ( Cassel et al. , 2018 ). For example, Cassel et al. (2018) noted that in Sweden, the supply of labour and supply of competence are critical issues facing the sector. Similarly, due to the industry's poor reputation for good jobs, attracting and retaining staff worldwide has always been a challenge ( Barron, Maxwell, Broadbridge, & Ogden, 2007 ; Baum, 2015 ). Mobility in the T&H industry is particularly alarming because the education levels in the sector are low, the entrance barriers are relatively low compared to other industries, renumerations are low, and it is quite easy to change jobs in the sector because most jobs are mostly temporary, and sometimes seasonal ( Hemdi & Nasurdin, 2006 ). These staff mobility problems pose serious challenges to career development and overall growth of the sector. A few studies have attempted to address the mobility, turnover and career pathway problems in the T&H industry. These studies, however, have largely been conducted in advanced economy contexts (see: Cassel et al. , 2018 ; Chang & Tse, 2015 ), with set limitations in terms of methodology, theory and scope. This issue presents an apparent evidence gap and practice–knowledge gap. A different study context, such as a developing country context, presents a rare opportunity to investigate career pathways pertinent to the local T&H industry.

According to TIME's 2021 world's greatest places list, Accra (capital of Ghana) is the Number 1 destination in Africa for tourists ( Oluwole, 2022 ). In spite of this gain, Ghana's T&H industry has faced major challenges of fragmented and uncoordinated career pathway progressions that undermine the development of the sector. This suggests the inability of the T&H sector to comprehensively define the occupations in the industry. For example, Ghanaian graduates who enter the T&H labor market are not perfectly aligned and suited to the requirements of the labor market. The T&H labor market, as it is today, is having growth problems. A resource constrained post-COVID-19 scenario unsurprisingly poses an existential threat – calling for a proper retooling and skill-set enhancement for industry players. Currently, an overview of Ghana's T&H industry indicates that tourism is regarded as the fourth income generating sector after gold, cocoa and oil ( MOTAC, 2019 ). In 2018, the industry contributed US$ 1,947.5 million, which was an increase of 4.9% of Ghana's Gross Domestic Product (GDP) ( MOTAC, 2019 ). A report of the World Travel and Tourism Council (WTTC) (2017) estimates that the sector's contribution to Ghana's GDP will increase by 4.2% to US$ 4,522.3 million by 2028. In terms of employment, the industry has offered approximately 692,000 direct and indirect jobs, which represented 5.3% of the total national employments in 2017 ( WTTC, 2017 ). This figure is estimated to grow to 807,000 jobs by 2028 ( WTTC, 2017 ).

to examine existing, declining and emerging occupations in the Ghanaian tourism and hospitality sector;

to examine the entry level requirements for the jobs associated with the occupations in the sector in accordance with the National Technical and Vocational Education and Training Qualification Framework (NTVETQF); and

to develop national career pathways for possible T&H job progressions from lower to higher qualifications.

Indeed, investigations of this nature within the tourism literature are important, given the critical roles (income earner, employment generation, foreign exchange earner and investment attracter) the sector plays in the development of any given economy. It is, therefore, imperative to critically examine the status quo, and offer practical yet crucial solutions to policymakers and practitioners. There is also the need to extend our understanding of the Social Cognitive Career Theory (SCCT).

The study contributes to the growing literature on career development in the T&H in three ways. First, this study is among the first to develop a career map and anticipation structure for the T&H industry to fill an evidence gap. Second, the study contributes to the practice–knowledge gap in the literature by heeding to ILO and researchers' calls to solve the turnover, career mismatch (skills anticipation and mismatch), career progression and job satisfaction problems in the T&H industry ( Cassel et al. , 2018 ; ILO, 2020 ). Third, the novelty of the study is hinged on three theoretical contributions. First, the SCCT is extended and applied to fit career development in the T&H sector. Previously, self-efficacy or individual behavior was a major consideration in personal career development. However, in today's dynamic and competitive labor market, the T&H job environment is largely influenced by the national career paths, which is an extension of the SCCT theory. Second, the study reveals that self-efficacy may be enhanced when individuals are subjected to training in specific career pathways. Lastly, the SCCT has been used extensively at the personal and organizational levels. This study attempts to apply the theory to a national career pathway to fully harness the triadic reciprocity of person, behavior and context.

The study is structured in the following ways. First, we present a review of the existing literature on career progression in T&H. Next, we present the data collection and data analysis and then the main findings, discussion, limitation and future research direction. Finally, we present the conclusions and implications of the study.

Literature review

The social cognitive career theory (scct).

In general, career theories are usually contingent on environmental, economic and social factors. Hitherto career paths and development were structured by organizations, which were fundamentally a linear progression through the career stages ( Arthur & Rousseau, 2001 ). Earlier, employee success was defined by promotions, allowances, increments and job stability. Traditionally, organizational careers have been conceptualized as linear trajectories where employees progress in their careers in a linear hierarchical structure within the organization. This lifespan development model, which contrasts the “boundaryless career” model, discusses steady states and linear careers marked by a common work role for life and upward mobility ( Arthur & Rousseau, 2001 ; Eby, Butts, & Lockwood, 2003 ; Marler, Woodard Barringer, & Milkovich, 2002 ; Miller & Form, 1951 ). Given today's fast-paced and volatile organizational environment, scholars are beginning to put together new career development models and theories that explain the dynamic and changing nature of careers in diverse sectors, including the T&H sector.

There has been considerable vitality evident in career development research in the past 40 years. At its inception, Bandura (1986) paved the way by expanding his research on the Social Learning Theory (SLT) to Social Cognitive Theory (SCT). The SCT posits that employees (for example, individuals in the T&H sector) learn through a social complex environment with a dynamic and reciprocal interaction of the individual, environment and behavior. The theory lays emphasis on social influence and its accompanying internal and external social reinforcements. Previous fundamental and related theories have been refined and reconceptualized, and expanded ( Holland, 1985 ; Lent, Brown, & Hackett, 1994 ; Super, 1980 ). As a result, several novel theoretical perspectives have been introduced ( Hackett, Lent, & Greenhaus, 1991 ). The SCCT, an extension of the SCT in the context of career development, helps to “(a) bring together conceptually related constructs (e.g. self-concept, self-efficacy), (b) more fully explain outcomes that are common to a number of career theories (e.g. satisfaction, stability), and (c) account for the relations among seemingly diverse constructs (e.g. self-efficacy, interests, abilities, needs)” ( Hackett & Lent, 1992 , p. 443).

The SCT is predominantly hinged on the concept of triadic reciprocity. In this model, (1) observable behavior or responses depicted in the forms of actions; (2) personal attributes and physical attributes; and (3) external environment, all work together as interlocking mechanisms that affect each other bidirectionally ( Bandura, 1986 ). Personal attributes in the SCT are linked with a variety of self-reflective, vicarious, self-regulatory and cognitive processes ( Bandura, 1986 ). Each of these mechanisms are assumed to play a vital role in guiding psychosocial functioning, but goal representations, outcome expectations and self-efficacy beliefs are particularly important in the SCCT. The SCCT of career development focuses heavily on the mechanism of personal agency (i.e. self-efficacy appraisals). Self-efficacy refers to “people's judgments of their capabilities to organize and execute courses of action required to attain designated types of performances” ( Bandura, 1986 , p. 391). Specifically, self-efficacy percepts are considered to be responsible for a person's emotional reactions, choice of activities, choice of environment, thought patterns, expenditure and career paths. These personal attributes or beliefs are dynamic, not static, and may be context specific. Together, person, behavior and context , affect each other bidirectionally in the SCCT of career development ( Hackett & Lent, 1992 ).

Individuals’ environment exposes them to different activities and career paths from childhood to adolescence. These observed experiences expose them to various organizational tasks. Apart from the exposure from this environment, they are differentially strengthened to pursue certain selected activities in which they may excel, thereby receiving the appropriate reward. In other words, people pick career choices in which they view themselves as most efficacious ( Lent, Brown, & Hackett, 1994 ). In the context of the T&H industry, career options are selected by people based on their self-efficacy, particularly personal behavior or traits they exhibit, and the environment in which they find themselves. The application of the SCCT in the T&H sector influences our thoughts in three ways:

First, the T&H job environment is largely influenced by the national career paths available to people. This is because people find it easier applying and selecting jobs that are within their competency areas once the national career pathway has predefined roles. The national career pathways consequently influence individual choice. For example, a room attendant who understands the various career paths available to him/her may develop interest and work (through education and training) toward becoming an interior décor designer. Second, outcome expectations – an attribute of self-efficacy, may be enhanced when individuals are subjected to training in specific career pathways. Once individuals are taken through job specific trainings, they develop more realistic expectations concerning the prediction of their next job or promotion. This systematic approach to expectation enhances self-efficacy of employees who, in turn, grow more confident in the respective job roles, which translates into better performance. Third, the SCCT has been used extensively at the personal and organizational levels. This study attempts to apply the theory to a national career pathway to fully harness the triadic reciprocity (person, behavior and context) . The national career pathway presents a unique opportunity to understand how unique individuals reach specific career contexts, considering the belief in one's capabilities to organize and execute a particular course of action required to achieve the desired work outcomes in the T&H sector.

Career progression in tourism and hospitality

The existing literature ( Amissah, Mensah, Mensah, & Gamor, 2020 ; Armoo & Neequaye, 2014 ; DeMicco & Forgia, 2020 ; McGinley & Martinez, 2018 ; Murry et al. , 2017 ; Kim, Chun, & Petrick, 2009 ; Tolkach & Tung, 2019 ; Weber & Ladkin, 2008 ) has indicated the importance of career progression as a catalyst for human development in the T&H industry. Tolkach and Tung (2019) noted that the industry depends on recruitment and employee career progression. This is also considered relevant in human capital development. Usually, workers are optimistic about career progression in their lifetime. Sheu et al. (2010) examine the significant role employees' choice goal plays in the social cognitive career theory context. It was found that choice goal significantly explains self-efficacy and outcome expectations of employees. This finding provides the understanding that people develop goals to pursue academic and career relevant programs that are in-line with their interest, as well as their self-efficacy and outcome expectation. From the organization's point of view, the provision of career progression pathways offers opportunities for employees to have a clear direction and become managers of their own career paths, and motivates them to work hard in achieving higher positions. In addition, clear and concise career pathways may enable employees to choose a path that correlates with their interest and abilities or realign their career path. Using data from the Ghanaian T&H sector, Armoo and Neequaye (2014) found that industry–person congeniality, social benefit factors, opportunity for professional development and job competitiveness were crucial in determining Ghanaian students' choice of career options. This finding referenced that occupational development is a significant factor in explaining choice of career options in the T&H sector. On the other hand, the career literature has indicated some related human resource management elements such as employee competency behavior, employee bonding, citizenship behavior, career decisions and how they affect career progression ( Amissah et al. , 2020 ; Chang & Tse, 2015 ). Yoganathan, Osburg and Bartikowski's (2021) study on employee competency in the tourism sector established that social media competency increases bonding. Competency helps employees to build better and broader connection with others, which enhances bonding in the workplace. This signifies that when bonding exists in an organization, workers are more likely to protect and defend their organizational reputation. In addition, Shehawy (2017) investigated how the tourism education process, tourism employability and job competitiveness using the Egyptian tourism data. The findings showed that there are significant relationships that exist between tourism learning outcome and other indicators (tourism curriculum mapping, design measurements and employability competitiveness). Earlier studies (See: Hall, 2011 ; Voight & Laing, 2010 ) have also identified the importance of fertility and reproductive tourism, which are directly connected to productivity of the labor. The recent study of Elbaz, Mathew, Maher, Onjewu and Shehawy (2021) on motherhood fertility found that motherhood desire has a positive influence on attitude, subjective norm and female tourists' revisit intentions and actual behavior. Again, it is important to note that fertility exerts a negative influence on workforce participation when women have a newborn baby. This has a decreased effect on workforce participation for women who have just become mothers, which has implications for female workers' careers in the T&H sector.

The recent literature defined career progression pathways as a sequence of positions, which might be occupied by workers from the junior to the senior level in any given organization ( Gebbels, 2019 ; Tolkach & Tung, 2019 ). In the context of this research, the career progression pathway is contextualized as a step-by-step development of employees' career stages, from a lower to a higher rank in T&H organizations or between organizations with similar professions or specialization. This study's definition highlights the fact that the concept of career progression in the T&H study context implies employees will remain at the same job position or make a calculated effort to move up the occupational ladder. O'Leary and Deegan (2005) , using data from the career progression of Irish T&H context, found that there is a significant dropout of workers in the T&H sector due to poor remuneration and unfavorable working hours. Similarly, Hakim's (2020) study provided evidence that career development significantly influenced organizational commitment of employees in the tourism sector. The above empirical findings emphasize the importance of career progression in the T&H industry as a catalyst for the sector's development.

Research is still lacking in developing a national career progression pathway for the T&H workforce within the Ghanaian perspective. Hence, it is opportune to conduct a comprehensive career progression pathway assessment, and map occupations and their respective job titles for the Ghanaian T&H sector, which has been neglected in the career progression literature. In all, we present a literature matrix (see: Table 1 ), which demonstrates how extant studies have investigated career progression in different research contexts.

Research methodology

The focus of this study was to gather primary qualitative data from policymakers, T&H trade related associations, training providers and beneficiaries (T&H businesses). Note that the training providers were selected across the entire country while policymakers, trade associations and beneficiaries were selected in Accra, the capital city of Ghana. We used the purposive sampling method to select the participants to answer questions relating to the national framework that regulates T&H jobs including technical and vocational jobs, qualification requirements or guidelines and possible career progression. In all, this study used in-depth interviews of 33 industry stakeholders (interviewees) out of the 35 participants sampled earlier through face-to-face and telephone interviews to collect data that focused on unearthing the T&H occupations (existing, declining and emerging) and job titles, and further developed occupational pathways’ progression taking into consideration all the “eight-levels” of the NTVETQF (See: Figure 1 ). We followed the recommendation of Saunders et al. (2018) to use the strategy gathering rich (quality) and thick (quantitative) data to achieve data saturation and rigor. The sample size of 33 was determined by achieving data saturation, and there was an agreement between the researchers to halt recruiting more interviewees. Table 2 shows the detailed sampled summary of the number of interviewees used for this study and their respective institutions. Purposively, this study interviewed participants from the above institutions on the basis of their deep understanding of the industry.

In this study, the job title is regarded as a rank or position of an employee, while occupation is the task or core function performed by an employee. Following Creswell's (2014) definition, an in-depth interview is a technique designed to elicit information from an interviewee's perspective on a research topic. The key industry players or stakeholders interviewed for this study were categorized into four groups based on the final outcome of the study where a comprehensive career progression pathway was to be mapped in consultation with the industry players. The categories include policymakers (government ministries, departments and agencies), employer and trade associations (members of Ghana Tourism Federation (GHATOF)), training providers (hotel, tourism and catering training institutes, master craft persons and other relevant training institutions) and beneficiary partners (selected small, medium and large size tourism and hospitality companies/businesses).

In order to explore the research objectives in a consistent manner, the researchers developed a comprehensive interview guide including probing questions based on the three specific objectives proposed by the funding partners of the project, namely existing, declining and emerging jobs; entry qualifications; and possible career pathways development. All the participants responded to Question 1 to 6, and the remaining questions were stakeholder specific (see A ppendix ). First, the researchers presented a draft of the research instruments for this study to the industry players at a workshop where comments and suggestions were provided. Secondly, the revised questions were scrutinized by four tourism and hospitality experts from industry and academia appointed by the funding partners of the project.

Each participant was interviewed in English language by the researchers at an agreed location most convenient (e.g. offices and homes) for the interviewee. The interviews were conducted between October 9 and 16, 2020, using digital recorders, allowing for a word-by-word transcription of each interview that lasted approximately 40–65 minutes. A follow-up was done by phone for clarifications and more information when necessary. The transcriptions were analyzed using the qualitative content analysis to examine patterns in the occupations identified in the industry. We followed the recommendations made in the existing literature ( Mayring, 2000 ; Schreier, 2012 ) to conduct the content analysis for this study. First, we read the transcriptions over and over for content familiarity, keeping in mind the specific objectives of the study. Second, with the help of NVivo 12, we separately employed “in vivo coding”, which allows the researchers to derive codes from the actual words of the interviewees in the data itself. This form of coding is useful when the researcher interacts with the interviewees on particular issues. For example, we were interested in specific jobs and job titles in the Ghanaian T&H sector. Interestingly, the researchers individually coded the data in order to check whether we have obtained the same conclusions after reviewing the same data. This guarantees data validation, credibility, dependability and confirmability, which are considered as strategies for ensuring trustworthiness in qualitative research ( Lazaraton, 2017 ; Shenton, 2004 ). Third, the identified codes were processed into three specific categories such as existing occupation, declining occupation and emerging occupation. Finally, the categories were developed into the three main themes: information technology jobs, environmental jobs and job titles.

This study adhered to the COVID-19 protocols in the data collection stages. The COVID-19 protocols of social distancing of at least two meters apart, use of a face mask, avoidance of handshakes, hand washing and use of hand sanitizers as recommended by the World Health Organization ( WHO, 2020 ) were observed during the entire period of the field research. The sample comprised 23 males (69.7%) and 10 females (30.3%). Averagely, all the interviewees had working experience in the industry of ten years and above. In all, the findings and the proposed national career pathways were validated at a workshop based on the inputs received from key stakeholders such as the employers and employees of the sector.

The findings revealed six subsectors within the Ghanaian T&H sector, proposed as “travel and tour”, “lodging”, “catering”, “events”, “education and training” and “arts and culture”, which were useful in mapping occupations and their respective job titles. Tables 3–8 showed occupations and job titles plotted according to the “eight levels” qualification framework (minimum to maximum levels), which responded specifically to Objective 2 of this study (entry level requirement of occupations associated with the T&H sector). Table 9 presented the national career progression pathways for the sector, which specifically addressed Objective 3. In summary, the key findings of the study revealed that “watchman” ( Table 5 ) was found to be the only declining job in the Ghanaian T&H sector; whereas the emerging jobs were website designers, digital marketers, data analysts, hygienists, and safety and hazard experts, which were labeled in red texts in Tables 3–8 .

I don't think there is anything like that […]

Training provider

[…] not really. What I remember is the new Ghana Tourism Authority law, which I think made a provision that managers should be licensed; even that one has not seen light of the day.

Trade association

At the moment I will say “Yes” and “No”, because we have National Hospitality Act, which helps to set up a hospitality and build the capacity of employees. However, most hospitality companies in Ghana operate as private individuals, and the career progression in the public sector cannot be aligned with what they have.

Policymaker

Declining or emerging occupations and job titles

Correspondingly, the result of the first objective showed the declining and emerging jobs and titles.

I can see one emerging job “hospitality accountants”. Like hospitality accounting, which has not been popularized in our part of the world. Mostly, we use “financial accountants” to support the sector. Our institutions should train more “hospitality accountants” who will be able to manage the sector effectively. […] one of the declining job titles in this country now is “watchman” which literally means keep an eye on something for me. Sophisticated devices like CCTV and security gadgets have taken over their job.

Mostly, the foreign hospitality firms come to work in Ghana with their chefs who are specialized in the international or continental foods. They only employ our local chefs when they are engaging in local foods which serve local consumers and some international tourists. Usually, these occupations “sommelier”, and “executive chef” are not available in our labor market. This is because our higher institutions do not have programs for these specializations. For example, if you examine how people become chefs, most of the chef started like a steward or cleaner or gardener in the industry after completion of secondary schools. Then, they developed later the passion to be cooks and become chefs as they get the opportunity to progress.

Entry level requirements for the jobs and possible pathways in the T&H sector

On our beaches you can find people parading themselves as they help people who are drowning. They have learnt swimming informally and they help people at the beach. Some people called them local informal rescuers.

Beneficiary

We have the reservation agent who deals with ticketing and making travelling arrangement for tourists to travel to their destinations […] tour operator will put the tour package in terms of transportation and other logistics in place. In my organization I employ data analyst , who manages customers' data and other data related issues. It is seen as one of the emerging occupations that the industry cannot avoid if we want to be competitive. We must always analyze our markets' characteristics in order to plan and develop business strategies as well.

We are looking for food, beverage and sanitation officers as well as a Chef. I know they have various ranks of Chefs from executive Chef to the head Chef . Nowadays, you can also have pastry Chef, who specializes in pastry.

Trade Associations

[…] room attendant, cook, security, kitchen porters , waiters and waitresses usually consist of workers in the lower class in the Ghanaian labor market. Some people also see the cashiers as part of the restaurant service and the front officer in the reception. We also have the purchasing officers, store keepers, marketers as well as sales person who markets the tour packages to tourists. We are seeing demand for web designers and digital marketers as the industry strives hard to promote Ghana's T&H to the outside world on the social media and other digital platforms.

[…] if you go to other countries, they have specific courses for people to become bartenders . Bartenders in Ghana don't have any qualification before they begin to practice. They just enter as trainers and later they develop the passion to be bartenders.

Beneficiaries

Discussions of findings

To understand the career pathways’ progression, this research investigated the declining and emerging jobs and job titles and their respective entry level requirements in the T&H sector. Findings revealed that there are clear occupational paths available to all categories of workers in the six subsectors to progress in their choice of occupations. According to the SCCT, self-efficacy outlines the employee's capability to organize and attain the highest career paths. Further, the theory emphasizes that employees will pick a career path for which they view themselves as most efficacious ( Lent et al. , 1994 ). Interestingly, the possible career pathways accommodated diversification or realignment of occupations in the sector. For example, within the arts and culture subsector, woodcarver of Level 3 can diversify or realign an occupation after acquiring some level of training and formal education and become an assistant fashion designer or a sales trainee in Level 4 and progress to Level 6 to become a fashion designer, manager, sales manager or customer relationship manager. This pathway is possible because the individual, through training, develops a self-efficacy trademark such as positive attitudes, abilities and cognitive skills that boosts one's self confidence to make great strides in the job market.

Noticeably, the sector's career pathways’ progression is envisioned on some key emerging occupational areas: safety and security; technology adoption; and hygiene (environmental occupations). The findings on technology strengthens the understanding of how Ghanaian T&H businesses have gradually started deploying the concept of artificial intelligence (AI) within the field of robotics, which is regarded as one of the most exciting and promising applications for individuals and businesses operating within T&H. For example, providing the chatbots’ services that allow a hotel or travel company to provide 24/7 support through online chat or instant messaging services, even when their staff are not available. Analytically, the findings on technology, security, safety and hygiene imply that these findings are in line with UNWTO (2003) initiatives for nations to develop a national policy to safeguard tourists against risk and hygiene related matters such as crime, sexual assault, terrorism, food safety and hygiene. Furthermore, this shows that Ghana, a country ranked as the 115th of 136 tourism destinations in the world, is adhering to and aligning career paths that cover security and hygiene issues addressed in the UNWTO developmental plans for the T&H sector. In addition, the emerging technology supported occupations and job titles also demonstrated the level at which technology-oriented occupations have been responded to in the Ghanaian career pathways progression of the T&H sector. This signifies that the Ghanaian T&H sector is conforming to the best practices in the world T&H space. Furthermore, this study's finding highlighted Ghana's acceptance of various technology adoption measures supported by legislation such as the Electronic Transaction Act (Act 772 of 2008), National Information Technology Agency Act (Act 771 of 2008) and Data Protection Act (Act 843 of 2012) to protect and ensure quality service provision in the sector. This provides evidence of Ghana's preparedness in supporting the innovation technology that will benefit the T&H sector. The T&H sector depends on the Internet as one of the technological ways tourists can access the needed information related to online traveling sites, booking, photo check out, price comparison for vacations and e-transactions. Added to this, Ghana's Agenda for Jobs: Creating Prosperity and Equal Opportunity for All (2017–2024) of the Coordinated Program of Economic and Social Development Policies emphasized the transformation of the T&H sector through investment in innovation technology and job creation for excellent e-service to tourists such as websites, e-check-in and online booking.

The finding on the declining job and job title “watchman” reaffirmed that security related matters have become complex and the roles of “watchman” have been expanded to cater for the safety and security need driven for the sector. Ten years ago, the role of “watchman” in context was to watch over a property or premise at night when the owners or occupants are asleep. Today, the direction of crime has changed, given that there is daylight robbing, kidnapping, property theft, mugging, armed robbery, as well as terrorism acts evidenced in the sector. Previous studies in context have evidenced how tourists feel unsafe at some destination sites ( Boakye, 2010 ; Poku & Boakye, 2019 ; Preko, 2020a , 2020b ). It is also important to note that during the COVID-19 pandemic, security personnel have had an add-on function of checking the temperature of tourists, and ensuring the strict adherence of the COVID-19 protocols on site. This signifies that the security personnel job description has been expanded to include safeguarding the health and safety of tourists at sites. This observation is similar to the findings of Cheung, Takashima, Choi, Yang and Tung (2021) , where they investigated the impact of COVID-19 on psychological needs of tourists using the existence, related and growth theory. Their findings reinforce the importance of safety and security during COVID-19. This provides a signal that advances the understanding on how safety and security personnel and their careers can strategically be defined to manage any given situation in the sector.

Conclusion and implications

In conclusion, the current study revealed one declining job and 12 emerging jobs, mostly in the security, hygiene and information technology-oriented occupations; and developed national career pathways for the sector. Strategically, these results suggest that Ghana is on course in developing career paths that incorporate key components of the tourism and hospitality agenda of the UNTWO advocacy in the areas of safety, security, hygiene and deployment of technologies in the sector. This will position the country to compete effectively with other tourism nations worldwide. It was also found that the possible career paths developed make provision for diversification and realignment of occupations in the sector, which serves as a motivational factor to all employees who aspire to choose occupational paths with high social status, and promising and rewarding careers within the sector. Indeed, the results of this study have extended the national understanding of career progression, which has not been examined earlier in the T&H sector in context. The current study makes significant contributions that fill gaps in the extant tourism career literature. First, this is the first study in context that comprehensively examines declining and emerging jobs and job titles in the T&H sector. Second, the research provides vocational insights in mapping the entry level requirements for the jobs allied with occupations in the NTVETQF of Ghana at the national level. Third, findings from this research differ from earlier career research of Amissah et al. (2020) , who found perceptions toward the careers in the sector unfavorable in terms of the knowledge transfer skills, employee exposure to other career avenues and the offer of good promotion prospects using tourism students' data in context. Fourth, this study extends tourism studies ( Armoo & Neequaye, 2014 ; Kim et al. , 2009 ; Murry et al. , 2017 ; Tolkach & Tung, 2019 ) on career paths within the literature by using first-hand qualitative data from the key industry stakeholders. Fifth, this study has addressed the lack of national career pathways progression in accordance with the NTVETQF based on the six identified subsectors of the T&H sector, which will help to overcome the challenges of upgrading from the lower to higher ranks in the sector.

Practically, this study's findings provide learning opportunities for HR managers and general managers to develop specific HR policies and practices regarding recruitment, education, talent management and career progression management that will boost employee self-efficacy in the sector. It is important for the HR practitioners and managers in the sector to conduct periodic trainings, workshops, conferences, seminars and open fora on career progressions’ awareness matters for the T&H employees in order to increase their knowledge on the subject matter. Again, the T&H sector and its allied institutions should employ both hard and soft media (e.g. newspapers, television programs, brochures, websites etc.) in the dissemination of information about employee career progressions to ensure a continuous increase of knowledge on career pathways’ subjects. At the national level, the entry level for T&H occupations and career mapping for the T&H may now be adopted for use in the T&H industry. The career mapping for the T&H serves as a standardized career progression pathway that may guide T&H practitioners and administrators on job placement and promotion, to solve the practical knowledge gap of career misalignment in the T&H industry. Strategically, T&H businesses should embrace the significant role played by robotics and AI in order to develop the sector by deploying a variety of technologies, including collision detection, Wi-Fi and AI to navigate hotels and provide services. For industry practitioners, one practical implication is the valuable signal for the growing number of jobs in security services, hygiene and information technology-oriented occupations. The Ministry of Tourism, Arts and Culture, including practitioners, HR directors and general managers, should respond timely to these growing needs in order to remain competitive in the sector. In addition, the findings inform HR managers, other practitioners and business owners about the need to pay attention to the entry level requirements for each occupation and apply them to useful ends accordingly. At a glance, the results reveal that only “watchman” occupation and job title was identified as a declining job. It is important to inform HR managers and general managers that they should always be up-to-date in looking out for jobs that might need training and re-qualification in their respective organizations. This strategy might be treasured in developing new skills needed for the sector. The finding of scarcity of some key professions or skills such as “hospitality accountant”, “sommelier” and “executive chef” in the sector implies that T&H managers and businesses, including HR managers, can make recommendations to the higher learning institutions to prepare these skills for the sector. This will encourage businesses in the T&H sector to begin engaging the services of Ghanaian workers to occupy these key positions in the sector. Again, the findings suggest to HR managers that organizational structure, design, culture and process should simultaneously create work-based learning for Ghanaian employees to acquire the skills that are a scarcity for the sector. Scholars have widely acknowledged that a structured and diversified career path progression offers employees mobility within the sector, which then motivates employees to work hard in achieving higher positions ( Gebbels, 2019 ; Kim et al. , 2009 ; O'Leary & Deegan, 2005 ; Tolkach & Tung, 2019 ). This research supports these viewpoints and further recommends that managers should consider providing working conditions that will boost employee self-efficacy to work harder to migrate from the lower to the higher positions in the industry. Practically, the study identified six subsectors in the T&H industry, namely: “travel and tour”, “lodging”, “catering”, “events”, “education and training” and “arts and culture”. Educational institutions could take a cue from this and develop courses and programs to fill the skills gaps in the sector. The recommendations provided in this study are not country specific but similar geographic settings can adopt some of the suggestions when necessary.

Our study furthermore contributes to the SCCT in three ways: First, the T&H ecosystem is largely influenced by the national career paths available to the people. As such, the SCCT inherently supports a national career path ecosystem that opens up career pathways to individual actors in the T&H sector. This opportunity helps individual actors or employees to organize and accomplish the highest career progression possible in the industry. Secondly, it is envisaged that individual actors in the T&H will work and progress with aplomb when the individual is taken through on-the-job training and education. In other words, the SCCT theory improves our understanding of how individual actors or employees in the T&H sector progress through the ranks on the back of an important outcome expectation of the SCCT – “self-efficacy”. Lastly, the SCCT has been used extensively at the personal and organizational levels. This study is the first to apply the SCCT to a national career pathway to fully harness the triadic reciprocity.

Limitations and area for future studies

In all, the findings of this study cannot be overlooked because, significantly, this is the first study in context that responds timely to the development of a national career progression, although there are some limitations. This research has the inherent limitations of a qualitative study that discourages the results to be generalized due to the lack of randomness in the selection and statistical representation of interviews although the qualitative approach is perhaps one of the best approaches to gathering unique insights from the industry. Further studies should investigate how HR managers, practitioners, employers and other stakeholders in the sector are applying and complying with the national career paths and provide recommendations for updates that will see continuous relevance of the career path document to the sector, as well as furthering investigations into the applications of robotics and AI in the sector. For future study directions, researchers should consider gathering quantitative data from employees of the sector regarding the applicability of the developed career path based on their choice, attitudes and viewpoints that can be gathered through different engagements such as workshops, seminars, conferences and open fora, etc.

National TVET qualifications framework

Compilations of the relevant literature used for this study

Number of interviewees sampled

Entry level requirement for lodging related occupations

Entry level requirement for the catering related occupations

Entry level requirement for events related occupations

Entry level requirement for education and training related occupations

Entry level requirement for arts and culture related occupations

Tourism and hospitality career pathway map

Appendix Research instruments

What is the specific regulatory document that defined career progression in the tourism and hospitality sector?

Is it a regulatory framework for only tourism or hospitality or for both tourism and hospitality?

Does the regulatory framework identify and describe all existing jobs including job titles, duration, entry requirements in the sector?

Does the regulatory framework define the opportunities for possible progression from the lower to higher qualifications with the respective jobs?

Are these occupations in the sector documented with their titles and job descriptions?

Are there any emerging or declining jobs in the tourism sector that should be titled and defined for the industry?

Are there any emerging or declining jobs in the hospitality sector that should be titled and defined for the industry?

Does the career path map the possible pathways for progression from lower to higher qualifications and respective jobs?

What is the minimum entry requirement for jobs in the tourism and hospitality sector?

What are the possible career paths for Proficiency I holders to obtain a bachelor degree in the sector?

What are some of the professions identified in the sector that are aligned to the NTVETQF guidelines?

What are the entry requirements for these qualifications: Proficiency I, II, Certificate I, Higher National Diploma, and Bachelor degree?

What are the further education and training programs on offer to individuals in the technical and vocational occupations to their career pathways?

In what specific ways is the institution preparing occupations in the sector for progression from the lower to higher qualifications and respective jobs?

Are you (employers' association/trade unions) represented on the regulatory body?

What are the tourism and hospitality academic qualifications offered in your institution? ( Training providers )

What programs of education and training do you provide for your employees? ( Beneficiary institutions )

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Acknowledgements

The authors would like to thank the ILO team: Ms. Vanessa L. Phala (ILO Country Director for Ghana, Nigeria, Sierra Leone, Liberia and Liaison for ECOWAS), Ms. IIca Webster (ILO Senior Skills Specialist for West Africa), Mr. Adetor Frank Kwasi (National Project Coordinator-ILO SKILL UP Ghana Component) and Mrs Elsie Amo (Project Administrative Officer-ILO SKILL UP Ghana Component); SSB team: Dr. Eunice Amissah (Chairperson), Mr. Kwesi Eyison, (Vice Chairperson), Dr. Adelaide Mensah-Kuffour (Secretary), Mrs. Bella Ehu (President of GHATOF), and Mr. Emmanuel Frimpong (Executive Secretary of GHATOF) and Tourism & Hospitality Sector Skills Body members and the two anonymous reviewers for their insightful and constructive comments from which the present paper greatly improved. The authors give special thanks to CTVET: Dr Fred Kyei Asamoah (Director General-CTVET), Mr. Theophilus Tetteh Zogblah (Coordinator-CTVET), and Ms. Edith Adotey (Program Officer-CTEVT), Data Collection/Interviews- Mrs. Egi Gaise. Any remaining errors or deficiencies are solely the authors’ responsibility.

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