what keeps cruise ships from sinking

Can a Cruise Ship Tip Over? (What Stops Them?)

Modern-day cruise ships are enormous, with many having 15 decks or more; some are like high-rise buildings on the sea.

So it’s not surprising that some people wonder how they do not tip over, especially in some of the rough seas they inevitably encounter.

So let’s look at the critical design elements that keep a cruise ship upright and stop it from tipping over.

While it is not impossible, It is extremely unlikely for a cruise ship to tip over even if it encounters some of the roughest seas on earth.  

Cruise ships of all sizes are designed to withstand rough sea conditions and large waves, which, while they may significantly roll the ship from side to side, will not typically be anywhere near strong enough to cause the ship to keel over.

A rogue wave might be the most significant potential threat to rolling a cruise ship over.  However, the chances of these occurring are very remote, let alone being in the vicinity of a cruise ship, although rogue waves have hit cruise ships before, and in each recorded instance, they survived.

In addition to all the design elements that keep a cruise ship upright and stable, there are also actions the cruise captain and accompanying crew can take to offset any adverse weather and sea conditions.  

For example, the captain can adjust the weight distribution within the ship to offset the effects of the sea conditions.  

How Do Cruise Ships Not Tip Over?

Cruise ships can roll to nearly 60 degrees before it’s likely to tip over.

Cruise ships are built to withstand the roughest seas and large waves up to 50 feet high, which would be way higher than the average expected in a stormy sea.  However, some rogue waves have been known to exceed 50ft.

By design cruise, ships go under numerous tests under small-scale model conditions.  They are tested for the most extreme weather events they might encounter, including hurricanes and rough seas, and even much rarer rogue wave scenarios. 

In the days of the Titanic cruise ship (actually an ocean liner), ships were smaller and sleeker in design.  In those days, they were built for speed in the roughest of seas for crossing the likes of the Atlantic with passengers and cargo.

Whereas modern-day cruise ships are built purely for leisurely purposes.   The more decks and the higher the cruise ships can be created, the more paying passengers and facilities they can fit on board and ultimately make more money.

But the higher they are built, the more likely they look to tip over, especially when you know they are top-heavy with swimming pools, some with a couple of hundred tonnes of water.  

Tipping seems even more likely when you realize only a relatively small portion of the cruise ship is underwater, typically only about 10% of its total height.

Not only do cruise ships have to carry the huge weight of the ship, but they also carry the weight of all the fittings, furnishings, facilities, passengers, and all their luggage.

Several design factors come into play in keeping cruise ships upright and in the event of rolling, ensuring they roll.

We cover each of them below.

Low Center of Gravity

Having a low center of gravity makes its much more difficult for an object to be tipped over.

Although modern-day cruise ships look very top-heavy, most of the weight is distributed in the bottom of the ship and lower decks..

The hull is surrounded by a hull made of dense steel which holds the heavy mechanical machinery of the ship, including the engine room, air condition units, generators, as well food storage, luggage, and much more.

The upper half of the ship is much less dense, and much of the superstructure of the ship is made of aluminum which is lighter than the steel needed below for a strong hull.

One exception on the higher decks is the significant weight of water in the swimming pools, most often on the higher decks of a cruise ship, which raises the center of gravity higher up the ship.  These can however be emptied if required.

The center of gravity of a cruise ship can be controlled by increasing or decreasing the weight of the ship.  

The Cruise captain and navigation crew have several options for adjusting the weight of the ship, including:

• Ballast tank water levels
• Fuel levels
• Onboard swimming pool levels

Center of Buoyancy

We have covered the importance of buoyancy in how a cruise ships float . 

When it comes to whether a cruise ship can tip over its the center of buoyancy that is more relevant.

The center of buoyancy is the center of the cruise ship underwater . 

When a ship is tilted to one side  due to an external force (wind or waves) more of the ship goes underwater which in turn moves the center of buoyancy towards the center of the larger area of the ship underwater.

With the center of gravity pulling down from its original position and the center of buoyancy pulling up from its changed position with more of the ship beneath the water creates a force which pushes the ship back to its upright position until the center of gravity and center of buoyancy are back in line.

The center of buoyancy is very illustrated in the video below:

The above video also explains how an internal force can cause a ship to tip to one side, although in reality on a cruise ship there wouldn’t be enough weight onboard to make much a difference, even if everyone on board moved over to one side. 

Even if they did the ship would automatically adjust the weight on board through other means such as ballast tanks.

Wide U-Shaped Hull

Cruise ships have large rounded U-shaped hulls, which make the ship more stable and reduce any rocking motions it may experience in rough seas compared to V-shaped ships.

The width of some cruise ships is nearly as wide as they are tall above the waterline. This also keeps the ship stable when being hit by strong winds from the side.

A Wide U-hull also helps reduce any rocking motions the passengers may feel and contributes to a more pleasant sailing experience.

The slight disadvantage is that cruise ships are slower-moving than faster-moving V-shaped ships.

Ballast Tanks

Ballast tanks are large tanks within the hull of the cruise ship.  They can be filled with water to increase the vessel’s weight and lower its center of gravity .   The larger the cruise ship, the more ballast tanks they are likely to have.

Alternatively, if required, the water can be released and replaced with air to lighten the ship’s weight.

Ballast tanks are what submarines use to sink in the water. If they release the water, the tanks fill with air, and the submarine rises.  

Bilge Keels

Bilge keels look like two fin-like structures running along the center of the cruise ship’s hull for about two-thirds of its length.  

The purpose of bilge keels is to dampen the ship’s tendency to roll by adding resistance to the water as the ship rolls.

Although they look relatively small on a huge cruise ship, the forces on them cause a significant movement to oppose the rolling.

What If a Cruise Ship is Damaged? 

Although accidents are rare, they can happen.  For this reason, many cruise ships have double hulls, which is, as it sounds, one hull built within another.  

Therefore if the outer hull is damaged, the inner hull should maintain a water-tight seal.

In the instance of significant damage, cruise ships have bulkheads that can assist in keeping the ship afloat.

A bulkhead is a watertight division built with the cruise ship’s structure.  These can limit the spread of water flooding from one division to another on either side, thereby containing any flooding from hull damage to a limited area and reducing the weight the ship can take on.

Cruise Ship Nearly Tipping Over

Video footage of cruise ships nearly tipping over is rare because the event itself is rare.

However, on 26th January 2005, footage was captured of a mid-sized cruise ship, the MV Explorer,  tipping heavily from side to side.

This was due to a freak occurrence of the ship being hit by a 50ft rogue wave whole being caught up in a combination of three storms!  

The mid-sized cruise ship, which could carry over 800 passengers, was carrying approximately 700 students.  

As the rogue wave hit, it smashed windows on the bridge , which shorted out the ship’s navigational systems, and two of the main engines died.

The cruise ship had lost propulsion and was at the mercy of the waves, and was mercily rolling back and forth.

The cruise ship tipping ship was caught on camera, as shown in the video below.

However even in these extraordinary circumstances did not tip over and ship survived.  It has since been renamed MV Glory Sea .

The event, including some live footage from inside the ship, was also captured and featured in a mini-documentary by the Weather Channel, which can be seen on Youtube here if you’re interested.

How Do Cruise Ships Stay Upright?

A cruise ship is designed with a wide U-shaped hull acting as a stable base.  

In the event of rough seas or high winds causing the ship to tilt from side to side past its centerline is known as rolling.  It’s this movement that can lead to the feeling of seasickness.

Cruise ships can use ballast tanks in the hull to combat this rolling and stabilize fins beneath the water.  

The ballast tanks are controlled automatically by anti-heeling systems , which have sensors that send signals of the ship’s angle in retaliation to its upright position and transfer water from the heeled side to the other side of the cruise ship returning the ship to its upright position.

All these features combined make any motion on a cruise ship barely noticeable most of the time.  

Let alone be bad enough for the ship to tip noticeable to one side or the other.

Frequently Asked Questions

Has crew ship tipped over.

There have been cases of cruise ships tipping over and even sinking . However, these are due to accidents such as the most recent and well-known modern example of the Costa Concordia, which hit a reef before tipping over.

The impact of the reef severely damaged the ship letting large amounts of water onboard.

Can A Whale Tip Over A Cruise Ship?

A whale could not tip over a cruise ship.  Although even the largest of blue whales can weigh up to 200 tonnes, the largest cruise ships can weigh up to 220,000 or more.

Some cruise ships would carry ten times more freshwater or fuel than the weight of even the largest whales.

Any impact would be more of a knock.  If a smaller or midsize cruise were knocked off its center of buoyancy, it would immediately right itself, roll back to its upright position.

What Would Happen If All The Passengers Went To One Side Of The Ship?

The bulk of the weight of a cruise ship is in the lower decks.  This can amount to thousands of tonnes if you include all the engines and machinery combined with water and fuel tanks alone on large cruise ships totaling thousands of tonnes.

So if everybody onboard went to one side of the ship, it would still not amount to enough weight to noticeably ship the ship’s center of gravity.

Even if the impact did affect the angle of the ship, the affected ship’s sensors would detect the change and adjust the ballast tanks accordingly.

So if this is ever a fear of yours, there’s nothing to worry about. 

If you have any fear of a cruise ship tipping over while at sea, hopefully, this post has put your mind at rest.  

Cruise ships are designed to withstand the roughest of sea conditions. Although modern mega cruise ships look tall and top heavy, they have huge amounts of weight in the lower decks, making them almost impossible to keel over when facing even the roughest of seas.

Related Posts

What is the Draft of a Cruise Ship? (and Why Does it Matter?)

How Many Doors on a Cruise Ship? (Yes, I Counted)

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How Modern Cruise Ships Are Getting Safer: 5 Features That Prevent Sinking

Cruise ships have come a long way in terms of safety over the years. With advancements in technology and stringent regulations in place, the risk of a ship sinking has significantly decreased. In this blog post, we will explore five key features that contribute to the enhanced safety of modern cruise ships, ultimately providing passengers with a more secure and enjoyable journey.

1) Increased Size and Power

One of the most noticeable improvements in modern cruise ships is their size. These vessels have grown significantly in size, which not only provides passengers with more space and amenities but also makes them more stable. A larger surface area means that the ship can better handle rough seas, reducing the risk of capsizing. Moreover, these larger ships boast more powerful engines, allowing them to navigate through challenging conditions with ease, preventing them from being at the mercy of nature.

2) Strengthened Compartments

Over the years, maritime regulations have evolved to enhance the structural integrity of cruise ships. The compartments on modern vessels are designed to be much stronger, reducing the likelihood of them being breached in the event of a collision or other emergencies. The implementation of advanced materials and construction techniques ensures that the ship's compartments are more resilient than ever before, making it less likely for water to penetrate and cause catastrophic damage.

3) Smarter Stress Distribution

Modern cruise ships are built with a more sophisticated understanding of stress distribution. Through the use of advanced framing techniques and materials, these vessels can better handle the dynamic forces at play while at sea. This allows for improved stability and resilience against the rigors of ocean travel, significantly reducing the risk of capsizing or structural failures.

4) Advanced Stabilization Systems

To provide passengers with a smooth and comfortable experience, modern cruise ships are equipped with state-of-the-art stabilization systems. These systems employ advanced technology, such as gyroscopes and fins, to counteract the forces that can cause the ship to sway. This not only enhances passenger comfort but also ensures that the ship remains steady even in rough seas, reducing the risk of accidents.

5) Accurate Weather Data and Navigation

Accurate weather data is crucial for the safety of cruise ships. Modern vessels are equipped with advanced weather forecasting and monitoring systems that provide real-time information about meteorological conditions. This allows the ship's crew to navigate around storms and other adverse weather events, minimizing the risk of encountering dangerous conditions. Additionally, the integration of satellite technology and radar systems ensures that the ship always knows its precise location and can avoid potential hazards.

The safety of modern cruise ships has seen tremendous improvements over the years, thanks to a combination of factors, including increased size and power, reinforced compartments, smart stress distribution, advanced stabilization systems, and accurate weather data and navigation. These features work in tandem to reduce the risk of sinking and provide passengers with a secure and enjoyable travel experience. As technology and regulations continue to evolve, we can expect even more innovative safety features to be integrated into future cruise ship designs, further enhancing the safety and peace of mind of those who choose to set sail on these incredible vessels. So the next time you embark on a cruise adventure, you can do so with confidence in the modern safety features that help ensure a safe and memorable journey.

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How Do Cruise Ships Float? The Science Behind Their Buoyancy

Cruise ships are massive vessels that can weigh hundreds of thousands of tons, yet they are able to float effortlessly on the water. Have you ever wondered how do cruise ships float?

The answer lies in the principle of buoyancy, which is the ability of an object to float in a fluid due to the upward force exerted by the fluid.

Cruise ships are designed to displace a large amount of water, which creates a buoyant force that supports their weight. The shape of the ship’s hull is also critical in ensuring that it stays afloat.

The hull is designed to be wider at the bottom, which helps to distribute the weight of the ship more evenly and increase its stability. Additionally, the hull is curved upwards at the front and the back, which helps to reduce drag and improve the ship’s speed .

Overall, the buoyancy principle and the design of the ship’s hull are the key factors that enable cruise ships to float. As you delve deeper into the fascinating world of cruise ships, you will discover many more interesting facts about these impressive vessels.

Understanding Buoyancy

Buoyancy is the force that allows objects to float in a fluid. This force is created by the difference in pressure between the top and bottom of an object submerged in a fluid. The concept of buoyancy was first discovered by the ancient Greek mathematician and physicist Archimedes, who realized that the buoyant force acting on an object is equal to the weight of the fluid displaced by the object.

The buoyant force is what keeps a cruise ship afloat. When a cruise ship is placed in water, it displaces an amount of water equal to its own weight. This displaced water creates an upward force that counteracts the downward force of the ship’s weight , allowing the ship to float.

The amount of water displaced by a ship is determined by its shape and size, as well as the density of the water. The density of water is affected by temperature and salinity, which can affect a ship’s buoyancy.

The buoyant force acting on a ship is equal to the weight of the water displaced by the ship. This force is always directed upwards, towards the surface of the water. If the weight of the ship is greater than the buoyant force acting on it, the ship will sink. If the weight of the ship is less than the buoyant force acting on it, the ship will float.

In summary, a cruise ship floats because of the principle of buoyancy. The weight of the water displaced by the ship creates an upward force that counteracts the downward force of the ship’s weight, allowing the ship to float. This principle is based on Archimedes’ principle, which states that the buoyant force acting on an object is equal to the weight of the fluid displaced by the object.

Cruise Ship Design and Structure

Hull design.

The hull of a cruise ship is designed to be streamlined and efficient, allowing the ship to move through the water with minimal resistance. The most common hull shape for cruise ships is the u-shaped hull, which provides stability and buoyancy. The hull is typically made of steel, which is strong and durable enough to withstand the rigors of the open sea.

Double Hulls

Many modern cruise ships have double hulls, which provide an additional layer of protection against accidents and collisions. In the event of a breach in the outer hull, the inner hull can help prevent water from flooding the ship and causing it to sink. The use of double hulls has become increasingly common in recent years, as cruise lines seek to enhance the safety of their vessels.

Deck Layout

The deck layout of a cruise ship is carefully designed to maximize space and provide passengers with a range of amenities and activities. Most ships have multiple decks, with public areas located on the lower levels and cabins and suites on the upper levels. The deck layout typically includes restaurants, bars, lounges, pools, and other recreational facilities.

Safety Features

Cruise ships are equipped with a range of safety features to ensure the safety and well-being of passengers and crew. These features may include lifeboats, life rafts, life preservers, and emergency evacuation systems. In addition, ships are equipped with sophisticated navigation and communication systems to help avoid accidents and respond quickly in the event of an emergency.

Overall, the design and structure of a cruise ship is carefully planned and executed to provide passengers with a safe, comfortable, and enjoyable experience at sea. The use of advanced materials, such as steel and double hulls, and the incorporation of a range of safety features help ensure that passengers can relax and enjoy their time on board without worrying about the ship’s ability to float.

The Science of Stability

Weight and balance.

Cruise ships are massive floating structures that can weigh up to hundreds of thousands of gross tons. To ensure that they remain afloat, it is essential to maintain a proper weight and balance. The weight of a cruise ship must be distributed evenly to prevent it from tipping over. This is achieved by placing heavy items like engines and fuel tanks at the bottom of the ship and lighter items like cabins and restaurants at the top.

Center of Gravity

The center of gravity is a crucial factor in determining a cruise ship’s stability. It is the point at which the weight of the ship is evenly distributed. A ship’s center of gravity must be below its center of buoyancy, which is the point at which the water’s upward force equals the ship’s weight. If the center of gravity is above the center of buoyancy, the ship will become unstable and capsize.

Stabilizing Systems

To maintain stability, cruise ships are equipped with stabilizing systems that counteract the rolling motion caused by waves. Stabilizing fins are one such system that extends from the ship’s hull to reduce rolling. Anti-heeling systems are another type of stabilizing system that uses water tanks to counteract the ship’s heel caused by waves.

Overall, the science of stability is a crucial aspect of cruise ship design and operation. By maintaining proper weight and balance, ensuring the center of gravity is below the center of buoyancy, and using stabilizing systems, cruise ships can remain stable and afloat even in rough seas.

Managing Ship’s Weight

Cruise ships are massive vessels that need to be able to float in the water. One of the key factors that determine a ship’s ability to float is its weight. Managing a ship’s weight is crucial to ensure it is balanced and can remain afloat. Here are some of the ways in which cruise ships manage their weight:

Ballast Tanks

Ballast tanks are compartments within the ship that are used to control its stability and balance. These tanks are filled with water to help the ship maintain its equilibrium. When the ship needs to be stabilized, water is pumped into the ballast tanks . Conversely, when the ship needs to be lightened, the water is pumped out of the tanks. This process helps to ensure that the ship remains stable and balanced, even in rough waters.

Fuel is a significant weight factor on a cruise ship. The ship needs fuel to power its engines and generate electricity. The amount of fuel required for a voyage can be significant, and it is essential to manage the weight of the fuel to ensure that the ship remains balanced. Fuel tanks are located in the lower part of the ship to help maintain the ship’s center of gravity.

Water Tanks

Water is another significant weight factor on a cruise ship. The ship needs fresh water for drinking, cooking, and cleaning. Water is also used to generate steam for the ship’s engines. Water tanks are located in the lower part of the ship, and their weight is managed to ensure that the ship remains balanced.

In conclusion, managing a ship’s weight is critical to ensure that it remains stable and balanced. Ballast tanks, fuel tanks, and water tanks are all used to manage the ship’s weight. By carefully managing the weight of these entities, cruise ships can remain afloat and provide a safe and comfortable voyage for their passengers.

Cruise Ships in Motion

Cruise ships are designed to float, but they also need to move through the water. The motion of a cruise ship can be affected by a number of factors, including the ocean itself, the open ocean, and ocean waves.

When a cruise ship is in motion, it is propelled forward by its engines. These engines work by burning fuel, which generates heat. The heat is then used to create steam, which drives turbines that turn the ship’s propellers . The propellers push against the water, which propels the ship forward.

The motion of a cruise ship can also be affected by the ocean itself. The ocean is constantly moving, and this movement can cause the ship to rock back and forth. This motion is known as pitch and roll. Pitch is the up-and-down motion of the ship, while roll is the side-to-side motion.

When a cruise ship is in the open ocean, it is subject to larger waves than it would be in calmer waters. These waves can cause the ship to pitch and roll more than usual. To counteract this motion, cruise ships are equipped with stabilizers. Stabilizers are fins that extend from the sides of the ship. They work by creating resistance against the water, which helps to reduce the ship’s motion.

In summary, cruise ships are designed to move through the water by using engines and propellers. The motion of the ship can be affected by the ocean itself, the open ocean, and ocean waves. To counteract this motion, cruise ships are equipped with stabilizers that help to reduce the ship’s motion.

Famous Cruise Ships and Companies

Royal caribbean international.

Royal Caribbean International is a popular cruise line that has been operating since 1968. It is one of the largest cruise lines in the world and has a fleet of 24 ships. The ships are known for their innovative designs and features, such as rock climbing walls, ice skating rinks, and surf simulators. Royal Caribbean International is also known for its commitment to sustainability, with a focus on reducing its environmental impact.

The Titanic is one of the most famous cruise ships in history. It was built in 1912 and was considered one of the most luxurious and advanced ships of its time. However, it’s tragic sinking on its maiden voyage has made it an infamous ship. The Titanic’s sinking was caused by hitting an iceberg, which caused the ship to sink and resulted in the loss of over 1,500 lives.

Wonder of the Seas

The Wonder of the Seas is a cruise ship that is set to debut in 2022. It is being built by Royal Caribbean International and is expected to be one of the largest cruise ships in the world . The ship will have a capacity of over 6,000 passengers and will feature a range of amenities, including a water park, a casino, and a spa.

Overall, these famous cruise ships and companies have played a significant role in the cruise industry. From the innovative designs of Royal Caribbean International to the tragic sinking of the Titanic, these ships have left a lasting impact on the industry and continue to shape its future.

Frequently Asked Questions

How do cruise ships stay afloat with so much weight.

Cruise ships are designed to displace a large amount of water, which creates an upward force called buoyancy. The weight of the ship is distributed evenly across the hull, which is shaped to maximize buoyancy. This allows the ship to float even with a large amount of weight on board.

How do cruise ships avoid sinking?

Cruise ships are equipped with a variety of safety features to prevent sinking. These include watertight compartments that can be sealed off in the event of a breach, multiple redundant systems for propulsion and steering, and regular inspections and maintenance to ensure the integrity of the hull and other critical components.

How do cruise ships maintain balance?

Cruise ships use a combination of ballast tanks and stabilizers to maintain balance. Ballast tanks can be filled or emptied with water to adjust the ship’s weight distribution, while stabilizers are used to counteract the effects of waves and wind.

How do cruise ships stabilize in rough seas?

Cruise ships use a combination of stabilizers and advanced navigation systems to maintain stability in rough seas. Stabilizers are designed to reduce the rolling motion of the ship, while navigation systems can help the ship avoid the worst of the weather.

How do cruise ships generate electricity?

Cruise ships generate electricity using a combination of diesel generators and other power sources such as solar panels and wind turbines. The electricity is used to power the ship’s propulsion systems, lighting, air conditioning, and other onboard systems.

How do cruise ships recycle waste?

Cruise ships are equipped with advanced waste management systems that allow them to recycle a significant portion of their waste. This includes systems for treating and purifying wastewater, as well as for recycling materials such as paper, plastic, and glass.

About the author

I worked as an officer in the deck department on various types of vessels, including oil and chemical tankers, LPG carriers, and even reefer and TSHD in the early years. Currently employed as Marine Surveyor carrying cargo, draft, bunker, and warranty survey.

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What Keeps Cruise Ships From Tipping Over

Published: December 9, 2023

Modified: December 28, 2023

by Ceciley Ambrose

Introduction

When you picture yourself on a cruise ship, exploring the vast ocean and indulging in luxurious amenities, the last thing you want to worry about is the ship tipping over. But have you ever wondered how cruise ships maintain their stability, especially in rough seas? In this article, we will delve into the fascinating world of stability on cruise ships and explore the intricate balance that keeps these massive vessels from tipping over.

As passengers, we often take for granted the engineering marvels that allow cruise ships to safely navigate the open waters. It’s easy to forget that these floating cities, with towering structures and thousands of passengers and crew, need to stay upright, even in the face of adverse weather conditions. The key lies in the careful design, weight distribution, and advanced stabilization systems employed by cruise ships.

So, how exactly do cruise ships manage to stay stable? Let’s dive deeper into the world of ship design and weight distribution to unravel the secrets behind their impressive stability.

Understanding Stability on Cruise Ships

Before we can grasp how cruise ships manage to stay stable, it’s important to understand the concept of stability itself. Stability refers to a ship’s ability to maintain its equilibrium and resist tipping over, both while it is stationary and while it is in motion. Cruise ships are designed with stability as a top priority, utilizing various engineering techniques and systems to ensure passenger safety and comfort.

One essential factor in maintaining stability is the ship’s center of gravity (CG). The center of gravity is the point at which the weight of the ship is evenly distributed, and it plays a crucial role in determining the ship’s stability. By strategically positioning heavy components such as engines, fuel tanks, and water storage, designers ensure that the ship’s center of gravity remains low, making it less prone to tipping.

Another important consideration is the ship’s center of buoyancy (CB), which is the center of the volume of water displaced by the ship’s hull. The relationship between the center of gravity and the center of buoyancy is vital for stability. Ideally, the center of gravity should be below the center of buoyancy, creating a restoring force that keeps the ship upright even when subjected to external forces, such as waves.

In addition to these basic principles, cruise ships employ advanced stabilization systems to counteract the forces that can cause instability. These systems include gyro stabilizers, fin stabilizers, and active stabilizer fins. These mechanisms work by generating opposing forces to counteract the rolling motion of the ship. Gyro stabilizers, for example, use electrically controlled gyros to detect and counteract the rolling motion, significantly reducing the ship’s movement and enhancing passenger comfort.

By employing a combination of effective weight distribution, precise positioning of the center of gravity, and sophisticated stabilization systems, cruise ships are able to maintain stability even in challenging conditions. This ensures that passengers can enjoy a smooth and safe journey, no matter the weather or the sea conditions.

Ship Design and Weight Distribution

Ship design and weight distribution play integral roles in ensuring the stability of cruise ships. Every aspect of a cruise ship’s design, from its hull shape to its interior layout, is carefully considered to optimize stability and safety.

The shape of the hull is a critical factor in ship design. Cruise ships typically have a wide and stable hull form with a shallow draft. This design allows for a large surface area to displace water and provides greater stability against rolling motions. Additionally, the use of sleek and streamlined hull designs reduces drag and improves the ship’s overall performance.

Weight distribution is equally important. Cruise ships carefully plan the placement of heavy components, such as engines, fuel tanks, and onboard amenities, to ensure an optimal center of gravity. By distributing heavy items across the ship, designers can prevent weight imbalances that could lead to instability. The lower the center of gravity, the better the ship’s stability against tipping during maneuvering or rough seas.

Trim, which refers to the longitudinal balance of the ship, is another critical factor in ship design. The ship’s trim is adjusted by altering the amount of water in various ballast tanks to maintain the desired balance. By manipulating the trim, cruise ships can distribute weight and adjust the ship’s stability to adapt to changing conditions.

Ballast tanks play a significant role in weight distribution. These tanks, located in the lower parts of the ship, can be filled or emptied with water to adjust the ship’s stability. In rough seas, additional ballast water may be added to increase the ship’s stability and reduce rolling motions. Conversely, in calmer conditions, some ballast water may be discharged to improve speed and maneuverability.

Modern cruise ships also use advanced software and stability control systems to monitor conditions and automatically adjust weight distribution. These systems continuously analyze data, such as wind speed, wave height, and ship motions, to optimize stability and ensure passenger safety.

Overall, ship design and weight distribution are crucial elements in maintaining the stability of cruise ships. By carefully considering factors such as hull shape, weight distribution, trim, and utilizing advanced stability control systems, cruise ships can provide a safe and comfortable experience for passengers, even in challenging marine environments.

Stabilization Systems

Stabilization systems are essential components of cruise ships that help minimize rolling motions and ensure a smooth and comfortable voyage for passengers. These systems work by counteracting the forces that can cause instability and improve the overall stability of the ship.

One commonly used stabilization system is gyro stabilizers. These systems utilize electrically controlled gyroscopes to detect the rolling motion of the ship. When a rolling motion is detected, the gyro stabilizers generate an opposing force that acts against the rolling motion. This counteracting force helps reduce the amplitude of the rolling and significantly improves passenger comfort on board.

Another type of stabilization system found on modern cruise ships is the use of fin stabilizers. Fin stabilizers consist of retractable fins located on the sides of the ship’s hull. These fins can be extended or retracted as needed to counteract rolling motions. When extended, the fins generate a hydrodynamic force that opposes the roll, reducing the ship’s rolling amplitude and enhancing stability.

Active stabilizer fins are another advanced stabilization technology commonly used on cruise ships. These fins are controlled by a computerized system that continuously monitors the ship’s movements and adjusts the fins accordingly. The computerized system ensures that the ship’s stability is constantly maintained, even in changing conditions, by activating or adjusting the fins to counteract rolling motions.

Some cruise ships also employ a combination of these stabilization systems for maximum effectiveness. By integrating gyro stabilizers, fin stabilizers, and active stabilizer fins, cruise ships can respond dynamically to varying sea conditions and provide optimal stability and comfort for the passengers.

In addition to these active stabilization systems, passive stabilization measures are also implemented on cruise ships. These include the use of anti-roll tanks or bilge keels. Anti-roll tanks are compartments located on the sides of the ship that can be partially filled with water. This water movement within the tanks creates a stabilizing effect and reduces the rolling motions of the ship. Bilge keels, on the other hand, are elongated fins attached to the hull of the ship. These fins act as hydrodynamic stabilizers, minimizing rolling motions and enhancing stability.

Overall, the combination of gyro stabilizers, fin stabilizers, active stabilizer fins, and passive stabilization measures, ensures that cruise ships maintain stability and minimize the rolling motions that can affect passenger comfort. These systems, working in tandem, allow passengers to enjoy a smooth and enjoyable voyage, even in challenging sea conditions.

The Role of Ballast

Ballast plays a crucial role in maintaining the stability of cruise ships. Ballast refers to the addition of weight, usually in the form of water, to adjust the ship’s balance and stability. By strategically manipulating the amount of ballast water on board, cruise ships can control their stability and ensure a smooth sailing experience for passengers.

One of the primary purposes of ballast is to adjust the ship’s trim. Trim refers to the longitudinal balance of the ship, ensuring that it remains level from bow to stern. By adding or removing ballast water from specific tanks located in the lower parts of the ship, cruise crews can fine-tune the ship’s trim and maintain the desired balance. This is particularly important during loading and unloading operations when the distribution of cargo can affect the ship’s overall stability.

In rough seas, additional ballast water can be added to increase the ship’s stability. This extra weight helps to counteract the rolling motion caused by waves and reduces the amount of tipping experienced by the ship. By strategically adjusting the ballast, cruise ships can enhance passenger comfort and minimize the risk of accidents or injuries that may result from excessive rolling.

Conversely, in calm or shallow waters, cruise ships may need to reduce their draft to avoid grounding. By discharging ballast water, the ship’s draft can be decreased, allowing it to navigate safely in shallower areas. This ability to adjust the ship’s draft through ballasting is crucial for accessing ports with varying water depths.

Modern cruise ships are equipped with sophisticated ballast control systems that enable crews to monitor and adjust ballast levels electronically. These systems provide accurate measurements of the ship’s stability and allow for precise control of the ballast water. Crew members can monitor the ship’s stability using sensors that measure the ship’s roll, pitch, and heave, enabling them to make real-time adjustments to the ballast to maintain stability.

It’s worth noting that the use of ballast water carries environmental considerations. Ballast water can contain various organisms, including invasive species, which may be detrimental to local ecosystems. To mitigate these potential risks, cruise ships employ ballast water management systems that treat and filter the water before it is discharged, ensuring that the environmental impact is minimized.

In summary, ballast plays a critical role in maintaining the stability of cruise ships. Whether adjusting the ship’s trim, counteracting rolling motions in rough seas, or navigating in shallow waters, the careful management of ballast ensures that cruise ships can maintain their balance and provide a safe and enjoyable journey for passengers.

Weather Conditions and Navigation

Weather conditions play a significant role in the stability and navigation of cruise ships. The safety and comfort of passengers and crew are paramount, and cruise ships are equipped to handle a wide range of weather scenarios to ensure a smooth and secure voyage.

When planning a cruise itinerary, cruise lines consider various factors, including prevailing weather patterns, seasonal variations, and potential severe weather events such as hurricanes or tropical storms. Cruise ships are designed to handle adverse weather conditions and follow established protocols to navigate safely.

In cases of rough seas or inclement weather, cruise ships adjust their course to avoid the worst conditions. Modern navigational technologies, such as weather monitoring systems and radar, enable captains to track storms and make informed decisions about route changes. These technologies allow cruise ships to plot alternative courses that offer calmer seas, minimizing the impact of rough weather on stability.

In extreme weather situations, cruise ships may alter their itineraries or even temporarily change their ports of call to avoid dangerous conditions. Passenger safety is always the top priority, and cruise lines have emergency plans in place to ensure the well-being of everyone on board.

Even in less severe weather conditions, cruise ships may employ various strategies to enhance stability and passenger comfort. For example, ships can adjust their speed or change the angle at which they approach waves to reduce the impact of motion on the vessel. By utilizing available weather data, cruise ships can anticipate rough patches and adjust their navigation accordingly.

While cruise ships are designed to handle rough seas, modern stability control systems and stabilization technologies help reduce rolling motions and enhance passenger comfort even further. As mentioned earlier, gyro stabilizers, fin stabilizers, and active stabilizer fins work in tandem to counteract the rolling motion caused by waves and maintain a steady course amid fluctuating weather conditions.

Cruise lines also prioritize the training and preparedness of their crew members to ensure safe navigation in various weather scenarios. Crew members undergo extensive training and are well-versed in emergency protocols and navigating through challenging conditions. This training equips them to effectively handle any weather-related challenges that may arise during a voyage.

It’s critical to emphasize that cruise ships are designed to be stable and handle adverse weather conditions. Rigorous safety standards and regulations are in place to ensure the well-being of passengers and crew members. Cruise lines work closely with meteorological authorities and monitor weather updates to make informed decisions about navigation, ensuring that passengers can enjoy their cruise experience with peace of mind.

Crew Training and Safety Measures

Ensuring the safety of passengers and crew members is of utmost importance on cruise ships. That’s why extensive training programs and robust safety measures are implemented to prepare the crew for any potential emergencies and ensure a secure environment on board.

Crew members undergo comprehensive training before they begin working on a cruise ship. This training covers a wide range of topics, including emergency procedures, fire safety, first aid, crowd management, and ship evacuation protocols. Crew members are well-versed in their roles during emergencies, ensuring a swift and organized response to keep passengers safe.

In addition to initial training, crew members participate in regular drills and exercises to maintain their preparedness. These drills simulate various emergency scenarios, such as fires, man overboard situations, and abandon ship procedures. Through these drills, crew members have the opportunity to practice their roles and responsibilities, ensuring a quick and efficient response in real-life emergencies.

Cruise ships are equipped with advanced safety technology and equipment to further enhance the safety of passengers and crew members. This includes fire detection and suppression systems, lifeboats and life rafts, emergency communication systems, and medical facilities with trained medical staff. Additionally, modern cruise ships have dedicated safety officers who oversee compliance with safety regulations and ensure that safety protocols are followed.

When it comes to stability and weather-related safety, crew members receive specific training to handle challenging conditions. This includes understanding weather patterns, navigation techniques in rough seas, and the use of stability control systems. Crew members are aware of the ship’s stability characteristics and are trained to make necessary adjustments, such as altering speed or changing course, to ensure a smooth and safe sailing experience for passengers.

Furthermore, crew members are highly attentive to passenger safety during adverse weather conditions. They may provide guidance on moving around the ship, secure loose objects, and ensure that passengers are aware of any potential hazards. Clear communication channels are established to disseminate safety-related information to passengers, keeping them informed and reassured throughout the voyage.

Alongside their primary responsibilities, the crew members also act as a safety presence throughout the ship. They conduct regular safety inspections, enforce safety procedures, and provide assistance and guidance to passengers as needed. Their continuous vigilance helps maintain a safe environment on board and ensures that safety measures are adhered to at all times.

In summary, crew training and safety measures are paramount on cruise ships. From initial training to ongoing drills and exercises, crew members are well-prepared to handle emergencies and maintain a secure environment for passengers. Their dedication, along with advanced safety technology and equipment, ensures that cruise ships are equipped to handle any situation that may arise while prioritizing the safety and well-being of everyone on board.

The stability of cruise ships is a meticulously planned and engineered feat, ensuring the safety, comfort, and enjoyment of passengers and crew members. Through careful ship design, precise weight distribution, and advanced stabilization systems, cruise ships are able to navigate the open seas with remarkable stability, even in challenging weather conditions.

Ship design factors such as hull shape and weight distribution, coupled with state-of-the-art stabilization systems like gyro stabilizers, fin stabilizers, and active stabilizer fins, work harmoniously to counteract the forces that can cause instability and rolling motions. These systems minimize the movements felt by passengers and maintain the ship’s equilibrium, allowing for a smoother voyage.

Ballast plays a vital role in maintaining stability as well. By adjusting the distribution of ballast water, cruise ships can fine-tune their balance, trim, and stability in various weather conditions. Modern ballast control systems enable crews to monitor and manage ballast levels accurately, ensuring optimal stability throughout the journey.

Weather conditions are carefully monitored, and navigation strategies are adjusted accordingly to provide passengers with a safe and pleasant experience. Cruise lines employ advanced technology, such as weather monitoring systems and radar, to track storms and make route adjustments to avoid the worst weather conditions. Crew members receive comprehensive training to handle emergencies and are well-prepared to ensure the safety of passengers during adverse weather events.

Cruise ships operate with a strong focus on crew training and implementing robust safety measures. Crew members undergo extensive training and participate in regular drills to maintain their preparedness and familiarity with emergency procedures. The presence of advanced safety technology, coupled with the diligence of crew members, guarantees a secure environment for passengers on board.

In conclusion, the stability of cruise ships is the result of meticulous planning, careful design, advanced technology, and the expertise of the crew. These factors work together to ensure the ship’s equilibrium and provide passengers with a safe, comfortable, and enjoyable journey. Whether sailing through calm waters or challenging weather conditions, cruise ships maintain their stability, making every voyage a memorable and worry-free experience for all on board.

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Have you ever wondered how cruise ships, massive vessels that seem too heavy to float, stay afloat even in rough seas?

Cruise ships are designed to stay afloat in water and are constructed with watertight compartments that help prevent sinking., the hull of a cruise ship is made of thick steel & is designed to be sturdy , allowing it to withstand harsh weather conditions & heavy waves., cruise ships are built to meet strict safety regulations and must undergo regular inspections and maintenance to ensure their seaworthiness., modern cruise ships are equipped with advanced technology such as stabilizers that help keep the ship balanced in rough seas, reducing the risk of capsizing or sinking., cruise ships have advanced pumping systems that can quickly remove water from the ship's compartments if they become flooded., the crew on board a cruise ship is trained to respond quickly to any emergency , including potential flooding or mechanical failures that could lead to sinking., cruise ships have sophisticated navigation & communication systems that allow them to avoid dangerous conditions & navigate through rough seas safely., cruise ships are required to carry enough lifeboats and other emergency equipment to accommodate all passengers and crew in the event of an evacuation., cruise ships operate under strict regulations set by national & international maritime authorities to ensure their safety and prevent accidents., cruise ships are also monitored by a range of organizations, including the international maritime organization., more stories ., are cruise ships safe 10 facts about cruise ships safety, can us aircraft carriers pass through panama canal, can us warships enter the black sea.

• Cruise Knowledge

Can a Cruise Ship Tip Over? Exploring the Truths

Doug Parker

• September 12, 2023

Here’s an age-old question we receive from readers – can a cruise ship tip over? While technically possible, it is not as probable as you’d think.

The cruise industry hosts over 20 million passengers annually on hundreds of cruise ships. However, some non-cruisers seem fixated on the unlikely possibility of a cruise ship capsizing. 

Despite their ever-increasing size, the design of today’s cruise ships, and advanced technology, there’s no need to spend your cruise worrying about your ship tipping over. 

Understanding the design of a cruise ship will help calm any nerves you may have as a cruiser. The cruise industry is a business, including providing a safe and smooth journey. 

That said, cruise ships are built to withstand rough seas and large waves, and they have a balance between buoyancy and weight. 

The top part of the ship floats and maintains buoyancy, with the bottom part weighing it down. This balance is managed in the middle part of the ship to maintain its centering.

Understanding Cruise Ship Desig n

Ships are not only larger than ever but also incredibly safe. Have you ever wondered how one of the world’s largest cruise ships, the 236,800-ton Wonder of the Seas , doesn’t tip over?

In this case, Royal Caribbean, like other cruise lines, hires teams of naval engineers and architects who run hundreds of buoyancy tests to ensure crew and guest safety.

And with today’s computer modeling, cruise ship safety is light years ahead of just a few decades ago.

During sea trials – which occur well before a ship carries its first passenger – the vessels are put through almost every conceivable scenario concerning stability.

In 2009, the navigational team on Carnival Dream heeled (laid the ship over) the ship 45 degrees. Royal Caribbean did the same thing with Oasis of the Seas. It heeled 30 degrees intentionally during trials.

Marine tests show cruise ships can roll to nearly 60 degrees before they likely hit a point where they won’t return upright. However, you would not want to be on a ship with more than 15 degrees.

Stability Features

One of the most important features is the ship’s center of gravity. The center of gravity is where the ship’s weight is evenly distributed.

The ship’s center of gravity must be carefully calculated and positioned to ensure that the ship remains stable in all conditions.

Another important stability feature is the ship’s ballast, which is composed of a heavy material, such as water or sand, used to help stabilize the ship.

Ballast is located at the bottom of the ship and can be transferred from side to side to help maintain the ship’s balance. Cruise lines can use seawater or fuel for stability during sailing.

When calculating a ship’s center of gravity, the weight of fuel and water, which is several tons, is also taken into consideration for ballast.

Cruise ships also have stabilizing fins extending from the ship’s side, which help reduce the ship’s rolling motion, especially in rough seas, creating a more enjoyable experience for guests.

Stabilizers can be retractable and adjusted based on the ship’s speed and sea conditions.

However, there comes a point when even the stabilizers can’t maintain smooth sailing.  

Weight Distribution

Weight distribution on a cruise ship is critical to maintaining stability as it must be evenly distributed from side to side and front to back. 

Imagine if, at any moment, all of the ship’s bars, lounges, and other facilities were on one side of the ship; this would cause a weight imbalance.

Cruise ship stability is achieved by evenly distributing public spaces and machinery, such as engines, fuel tanks, fresh and wastewater, and cargo throughout the ship.

Cruise ships are designed with multiple decks and heavier components on the lower decks.

This helps to lower the ship’s center of gravity, making it more stable. The ship’s fuel tanks are also located at the bottom, which helps keep the ship’s weight low.

In addition to careful weight distribution, many cruise ships have double-hull construction that provides additional protection if the hull becomes compromised.

If the outside hull is damaged, the secondary hull maintains a watertight seal to keep the boat upright and reduce flooding.

A feature that your average cruiser might not know about, but it can be comforting to someone who may be afraid to try out a cruise for the first time.

If you’re interested in the details, a study conducted at the Fisheries and Marine Institute of Memorial University of Newfoundland outlines the history and calculations involved in determining buoyancy .

Factors That Could Cause a Cruise Ship to Tip Over

Ultimately it would take an extreme act or carelessness to flip a ship over. In the cruise line’s best interest, its ships are designed to be stable and safe.

However, in the rare case that a cruise ship might tip over, here are a few possibilities for why that may occur. 

Human Error

This was best documented in 2006 when Crown Princess left Port Canaveral and unexpectedly listed up to 45 degrees.

An investigation by the National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) eventually concluded that the likely cause of the Crown Princess accident was the second officer’s erroneous steering wheel commands. 

These were initially made to correct an unexpectedly high turn rate and address the ship’s tilting.

Contributing factors included the captain and staff captain’s improper inputs into the integrated navigation system, while in high-speed, shallow waters, they failed to stabilize the ship.

As a cruise ship moves through shallow water, it creates a low-pressure area underneath its hull. This low-pressure area can cause the ship to sink slightly, increasing its draft and making it more difficult to control.

Severe Weather Conditions

Inclement weather can significantly affect a ship’s stability, as high winds, large waves, and heavy rain can all contribute to a vessel’s pitching and rolling.

When a ship encounters severe weather conditions, the crew will typically take steps to minimize the ship’s exposure to the weather, including changing course, slowing down, or even stopping the ship altogether.

The cruise ship’s captain, navigation team, and engine team are highly trained, and safety is always their priority. 

Mechanical Failure

Mechanical failure is another factor that could cause a cruise ship to tip over. There are many mechanical systems on a cruise ship; if any of these systems fail, it could compromise its stability.

For example, if a ship’s ballast tanks fail to operate correctly, the ship could become unbalanced and tip over. Similarly, if a ship’s propulsion system fails, the vessel could be pushed off course and into dangerous waters. Again, this is extremely rare.

RELATED: Are Cruise Ships Safe?

Cruise ships undergo rigorous inspections and maintenance procedures to prevent mechanical failure,

In the event of a mechanical failure, crew members have a plan in place, and many times, as a cruiser, you may never know there was a problem. 

Most cruises sail without incident, but know there’s always a backup plan.

Can a cruise ship tip over? The safety measures in place

Cruise ships are designed with safety in mind, and many measures are in place to prevent tipping. Here are just a few  of the safety measures that are used:

Advanced Warning Systems

Modern cruise ships are equipped with advanced warning systems that can detect changes in the ship’s stability. These systems use sensors to monitor the ship’s movement and can detect if the ship is starting to lift or tilt.

If the system detects any changes in the ship’s stability, an alarm will sound, and the crew will be alerted. This allows the crew to take action quickly, right the ship, and prevent further tipping.

Cruise Ships That Have Tipped Over

Over the years, a few cruise ships have tipped over. But remember, thousands of cruise ships continue to sail daily without incident successfully. Here are some notable examples:

1. MS Estonia

The MS Estonia was a passenger and car ferry that capsized and sank in the Baltic Sea on September 28, 1994. The ship was on its way from Tallinn, Estonia, to Stockholm, Sweden, when it encountered rough seas and high winds.

The ship’s forward ramp went into the water, allowing water to flood the car deck and causing the vessel to capsize. Of the 989 passengers on board, only 137 survived.

2. Costa Concordia

The Costa Concordia was a cruise ship that sailed for Costa Cruises. It ran aground and capsized off the coast of Italy on January 13, 2012.

The ship hit a rock due to the negligence of the captain and took on water, causing it to fall to one side and eventually capsize. Of the 4,252 passengers and crew on board, 32 died.

Following the incident, the cruise industry undertook an extensive review and, as a result, implemented an array of changes to improve safety. Eventually, this led to the development of the Cruise Passenger Bill of Rights.

Other Notable Accidents

Another accident included the MS Achille Lauro cruise ship, which caught fire and sank in the Indian Ocean on November 30, 1994. The vessel had a history of mechanical problems and had experienced several previous fires.

The MV Explorer was a cruise ship that sank in the Antarctic Ocean on November 23, 2007. The ship hit an iceberg and began taking on water, causing it to fall to one side and eventually sink. All 154 passengers and crew were rescued by nearby ships.

The mentioned incidents have emphasized the significance of implementing safety regulations and procedures in the cruise industry.

Final Thoughts

A cruise ship list is a highly unlikely event and happens very rarely. Today’s massive cruise ships are more equipped to withstand rough seas and high waves and have extensive safety measures and emergency systems to alert staff of potential issues.

Crew members also train regularly on what to do in emergencies, including a ship listing. 

Although cruise ships are designed to endure harsh weather conditions and maintain stability, accidents can still occur.

Cruise lines prioritize safety by taking all necessary precautions to prevent accidents and guarantee the safety of their passengers and crew.

An unsafe cruise ship would significantly harm the cruise industry’s business, so they prioritize ensuring a secure and safe operation.

RELATED: Why Are Cruises to Nowhere Illegal in the United States?

Frequently Asked Questions

Can a cruise ship survive a rogue wave.

Modern-day cruise ships are designed to withstand rough weather conditions, including rogue waves, which happen from time to time. Cruise ships are built with stabilizing systems that help to keep them upright during storms. 

Has a cruise ship ever tipped over?

Cruise ships can and have tipped over, but it is extremely rare. One of the most notable incidents was the capsizing of the Costa Concordia in 2012, which resulted in the deaths of 32 people. The accident was attributed to human error and resulted in many changes within the industry, particularly in bridge management. 

How many cruise ships have tipped over?

While there have been instances where a cruise ship has tipped over, these incidents are extremely rare. According to the Cruise Lines International Association , there have been only a handful of incidents where a cruise ship has capsized in the past 20 years. During this time, the cruise industry has carried tens of millions of passengers safely.

How does a cruise ship not tip over?

Cruise ships have several features that help keep them upright during storms, including stabilizing systems, ballast tanks, and a low center of gravity. Marine engineers run extensive modeling to test a ship’s stability in all conditions. 

How does a cruise ship float?

Cruise ships are designed to balance buoyancy and weight to maintain stability. The topmost part of the ship retains its buoyancy while the bottommost piece weighs it down. This balance is managed in the middle part of the ship to keep it centered.

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Can cruise ships tip over or sink?

Home » Can cruise ships tip over or sink?

Last updated on January 21st, 2024 at 11:57 am

If you’re ever looking at a cruise ship, noticing how tall and narrow they look, you might be thinking to yourself “can cruise ships tip over?” or “Could this cruise ship sink ?” – You aren’t alone in wondering.

Technically, yes, cruise ships “could” tip over or sink, but the chance of either happening is extremely low. 

Over the years there have been incidents with cruise ships sinking, like the Costa Concordia, when it collided with an underground rock after the  captain steered the ship too close to shore  causing the death of 32 passengers.

Another famous example that comes to mind is of course the  Titanic . 

But before you cancel your cruise, let’s examine this further. 

Every year, millions of people travel on cruises around the world, enjoying a wonderful vacation without incident. Cruise ships are very safe, the  ship staff are trained extremely well to handle emergencies  and the chance of something happening is slim. 

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How Often Do Cruise Ships Sink?

By: Author David Chapman

Posted on Last updated: February 21, 2024

Categories Health & Safety , LEARN

Modern cruise ships are engineered to withstand the toughest conditions and offer the utmost safety and reliability. Nevertheless, people may wonder how often do cruise ships sink.

The short answer: It’s rare. In the last 50 years, a ship has sunk during the course of a cruise less than once per decade.

Nevertheless, while it rarely happens, we can all easily think of terrible disasters where it did happen – such as the century-old disaster of the RMS Titanic or the decade-old capsize of Costa Concordia. So, how often do these modern marvels of the sea meet a similar fate? The best way is to dive into the history of known cruise ship sinkings to understand the probability of it happening to today’s state-of-the-art vessels.

How Often Do Cruise Ships Sink? It’s Rare!

Cruise ships are some of the largest and most luxurious vessels on the water and are designed to be safe and reliable. However, it is not uncommon for cruise ships to encounter problems at sea; in some cases, these problems can lead to the ship’s sinking. Over the past 100 years since the RMS Titanic sank in 1912, only 18 cruise ships and some ocean liners have been publicly known to have sunk. And, over the past 50 years , only four cruise ships have sunk while navigating on a cruise . 

To fully understand the rarity of a cruise ship sinking, let’s examine the known causes of these disasters, beginning with the iconic RMS Titanic.

Exploring Past Sunk Cruise Ships – RMS Titanic In 1912 To Orient Queen In 2020

The RMS Titanic was a luxurious passenger liner known for its grandeur and advanced safety features. Even though the Titanic was an ocean liner rather than a cruise ship , it was the largest ship of its time and was thought to be unsinkable due to its watertight compartments. However, on April 15, 1912 , the Titanic struck an iceberg, broke in half, and sank in the North Atlantic Ocean, resulting in the loss of over 1,500 lives.

The Titanic disaster profoundly impacted the maritime industry and sparked significant changes in how ships were designed and built. One major factor that contributed to the number of lives lost during the sinking was the lack of enough lifeboats on board. 

The ship was carrying only enough lifeboats for about half of the passengers and crew, which proved to be a tragic oversight when the ship began to sink.

As a result of the Titanic disaster, new regulations were put in place to ensure that all passenger ships, including cruise ships, were required to carry sufficient lifeboats for passengers and crew on board. Additionally, new safety standards were implemented to improve ships’ design and construction, including stronger materials and more watertight compartments. 

Fortunately, since 2020, no confirmed cruise ship capsizing or sinking has occurred. The last one was the Orient Queen suffering no crew or passenger casualties, which sank due to a nearby ammonium nitrate explosion while moored. 

Below is a list of some available records of cruise ship sinkings since the iconic Titanic .

Comparing 20th To 21st Century Maritime Disasters

The tale of two disasters – the Titanic and the Costa Concordia – highlights the importance of ship design in terms of safety. When the Titanic collided with the iceberg in 1912, it tore a 300-foot gash in the ship’s hull, sending freezing water flooding into the base of the vessel. 

This caused the back of the ship to tilt upward, leading to a catastrophic breakage that made it harder to evacuate. The lack of lifeboats was also a major factor in the high death toll of over 1,500 people, making it one of the worst peacetime maritime disasters in history.

Fast forward to 2012, and the Costa Concordia disaster (now more than ten years ago) off the coast of Italy provides a modern-day equivalent. When the cruise ship struck a rock reef, it tore a 16-foot gash in the hull around 25 feet below sea level. The ship began flooding, the engines and generators went offline, and it began to sink. 

However, the ship’s design allowed it to lean heavily to its side and sink much more slowly, allowing the crew to initiate a hasty evacuation. Thanks to a sufficient supply of lifeboats, they evacuated the passengers over six hours, ultimately resulting in a death toll of 34 people. Most of these deaths were caused by the ship tilting and passengers falling into the water. 

Three people were even rescued from the ship over 24 hours after the incident, thanks to the slow sinking of the vessel. While the Costa Concordia disaster was one of the worst maritime disasters of the 21st century, it was nowhere near as catastrophic in terms of loss of life as the disasters of the 20th century.

When you compare modern cruise ships to Titanic-era ships , you can readily see that safety has improved considerably. As demonstrated in the table shown above by the low number of cruise ships to sink in recent history, modern vessels are generally better equipped to survive a disaster than their predecessors. And as you saw, the number of lives lost had decreased to nearly zero.

Why Don’t Modern Cruise Ships Sink As Often?

When people buy tickets for a cruise, they’re not just looking for a vacation – they’re also buying safety and peace of mind. They want to know that their needs will be taken care of and that they will be safe for the duration of the trip. And cruise ships are designed with this in mind. These floating resorts are built to withstand all sorts of rough conditions that would have sunk ships of the past.

But it hasn’t always been this way. During the heyday of sea travel, it was fairly common for ships to be lost at sea due to rough weather, enemy attacks, or collisions with icebergs. However, the sinking of the Titanic in 1912 and the RMS Empress of Ireland in 1914 made it clear that something needed to change. 

These were both sturdy ships and were ocean liners built for long-distance travel. But to achieve this reliability, they sacrificed maneuverability. They would be rock-solid if everything went according to plan, but there was little hope of saving the voyage if something went wrong.

Today, however, cruise ships are a different story. These vessels are typically made of lighter materials and are much more agile, allowing them to navigate rough seas easily. 

Cruise Ship Stability: What Keeps Them Afloat?

Have you ever wondered how cruise ships manage to stay afloat despite their massive size and seemingly top-heavy design? This is often a big topic of discussion, and the answer lies in the careful balance of weight distribution and stability.

When you board a large cruise ship, you are stepping onto a floating resort with thousands of staterooms, dozens of restaurants, and endless recreation opportunities. Yet, despite all these amenities, cruise ships remain stable and steady on the water despite their weight. 

This is thanks to a combination of factors, including the ships:

• Machinery’s placement
• Stabilizer fins use
• Modern navigation systems

So how does it all work? First, it’s important to understand that only a small portion of the ship is actually below the waterline. This means that most of the weight is concentrated above the water, making the ship appear top-heavy. But the ship’s design actually works in its favor, pulling down on the water to provide balance and stability.

The key to this balance is the ship’s center of gravity. While the goal is to keep the center of gravity as close to the ship’s middle as possible, this is not always possible due to the weight of the ship’s engines and other machinery. As a result, ships usually have a heavier bottom half than a lighter top half to compensate for this.

What Happens If An Obstacle Is Unavoidable?

Cruise ships will do their best to take detours to avoid rough weather in the event of a storm at sea. But sometimes, a storm comes on fast and hard, and the ship must rely on more than just its center of gravity to stay afloat. That’s where the design of the ship’s hull comes into play.

• Cruise ships have rounded edges on the bottom of the hull, which makes it easier for the ship to roll with the waves and then return to its original position. They also have several ballast tanks, which are water-filled tanks that provide additional stability and distribute the load evenly. These features help the ship handle rough seas in a way that older ships could not.

Of course, no system is perfect, and cruise ships are not invincible. They typically have less hull strength than ocean liners but are equipped with better radars to avoid obstacles like icebergs. If a cruise ship were to hit an iceberg, it could potentially cause serious damage to the hull. 

Are Cruise Ships Failsafe?

There is no possible closer answer than the word “almost.” While the Costa Concordia disaster in 2012 was a shocking reminder that no vessel is invincible, modern cruise ships are designed with safety in mind. From advanced navigation systems to sturdy hulls and ballast tanks, these ships are built to weather even the roughest of storms. 

And in the rare event of a catastrophic disaster, cruise ships have enough safety features in place to allow for a safe evacuation.

As to the ship’s safety, you can rest assured that cruise ship designers have done everything in their power to keep you and your fellow passengers safe.

Closing Thoughts

While cruise ships have sunk or encountered a disaster in the past, the likelihood of your ship sinking is close to minuscule. Modern ship design and protocols are in place to prevent things like weather and obstacles from ruining your cruise or endangering passengers onboard.

David Chapman

Contributor

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How Often Do Cruise Ships Sink?

The thrill of a voyage and the enthusiasm for discovering new territories lure millions to undertake cruise voyages each year. However, an often unspoken question lurks in everyone’s mind: How often do cruise ships sink?

In this blog post, we are going to dive into maritime disasters and unearth some surprising statistics regarding the frequency of cruise ships sinking . From understanding the main causes behind these incidents to exploring the safety measures employed, we’ll offer a comprehensive view of this fascinating topic.

What Can Cause a Cruise Ship to Sink?

A myriad of factors can lead to why cruise ships sink, each intertwined with its unique set of circumstances. As ships have evolved over the years, so have these underlying causes.

Extreme Weather Conditions

Weather conditions like hurricanes and rogue waves can compromise a ship’s stability, leading to catastrophic outcomes. While modern ships are designed to withstand harsh weather, Mother Nature occasionally throws curveballs that defy human calculations. Over the years, as our understanding of the world’s weather patterns has improved, so has the ability of cruise ships to navigate stormy seas, yet the risk remains.

Navigation Errors

In addition, navigation mishaps are another critical factor. Despite advanced navigational systems and experienced crew members, human errors can and do occur, often with disastrous consequences. Changes in maritime laws and improved training methods have reduced these incidents significantly, yet they persist.

Mechanical Failures

Finally, mechanical failures, from engine breakdowns to power outages, can lead to dire situations if not rectified promptly. These issues can arise from a simple component failure to poor maintenance practices. Modern cruise ships have redundant systems and stringent maintenance protocols in place to minimize these risks. However, as ships become more sophisticated, the potential for complex mechanical issues also increases.

In essence, while advancements in technology and practices have mitigated many risks attributed to why cruise ships sink, they have also introduced new challenges. As we move forward, the balance between human skills, technological advancements, and the unpredictable nature of the sea continues to shape the narrative of cruise ship safety.

Now that we’ve had our deep dive into the reasons behind maritime disasters let’s get to the heart of the matter – how often do these aquatic giants actually end up at the bottom of the ocean?

First off, I want to dispel any looming fears. The frequency of cruise ships sinking is much lower than you might imagine. According to the available data, one cruise ship would sink every 7 years on average . During the last 110 years, only a mere 16 cruise ships have sunk, thankfully.

Yes, every once in a while, we hear about a maritime tragedy on the news, but when you take into account the sheer number of voyages made annually, the instances are far and few between. Trust me, you’ve got a higher chance of being struck by lightning than finding yourself on a sinking cruise ship!

According to data from major marine insurers, only a handful of large passenger ships have sunk in the last few decades. Many of these cases, moreover, have involved older vessels, where maintenance and weather readiness were likely contributing factors. Modern cruise ships, with their double-hull designs and advanced safety measures, are constructed to be resilient against many of the factors we discussed earlier.

We must remember that in the grand scheme of sea voyages, instances when cruise ships have sunk, it didn’t occur often. So, if you’ve been eyeing that Caribbean cruise for a post-pandemic vacation, don’t let the fear of capsizing hold you back. Of course, don’t forget your sunscreen and seasickness tablets, though, because those are far more likely to put a damper on your holiday than a sinking ship!

History of Cruise Ship Disasters

Let’s take a trip down memory lane, shall we? While modern cruise ship sinking is seldom, history has its fair share of maritime tragedies. Understanding these past incidents can be key to appreciating the advancements in maritime safety that have been made since.

When we talk about cruise ship disasters, it’s hard not to think of the most famous cruise ship: Titanic. Sailing in 1912, it was touted as an unsinkable marvel. But an ill-fated encounter with an iceberg led to titanic sinking, tragically resulting in the loss of more than 1,500 lives. This disaster served as a wake-up call for maritime safety, prompting global shipbuilding and safety regulations changes. Several safety improvements were pushed after the Titanic sank.

SS Andrea Doria and MS Stockholm

The SS Andrea Doria, a luxurious Italian cruise ship, met its watery end in 1956 after colliding with MS Stockholm off the coast of Nantucket. The accident resulted from a series of unfortunate navigational errors and poor visibility due to fog.

MS Achille Lauro

In 1985, we encounter the story of MS Achille Lauro. It didn’t sink, but an engine room fire on board caused a significant loss of life. Once again, this incident led to further enhancements in ship design, with a particular focus on fire safety to avoid a future engine room fire and better evacuation procedures.

Costa Concordia

More recently, we have the case of Costa Concordia in 2012. An underwater rock hitting the cruise ship’s hull caused damage, and the Costa Concordia capsized near the Italian island of Giglio, resulting in 32 deaths . This modern disaster underscored the importance of crew training and proper evacuation procedures, even on the most technologically advanced ships.

MV Explorer

The MV Explorer was an expedition cruise ship designed to navigate icy waters. Ironically, an iceberg led to its demise in 2007 when the ship sank in the Antarctic Ocean. Fortunately, all aboard were safely evacuated, a true testament to the effectiveness of emergency protocols.

The Belofin-1 (formerly known as SS Monterey) was a grand cruise ship with a storied past that included service in World War II. Its end came quietly at a scrapyard in 2000 when it unexpectedly sank before the scrapping process could be completed.

SS Seabreeze

The SS Seabreeze met a similar fate in 2000 when it sank off the coast of Virginia due to a combination of poor weather and mechanical failure. No passengers were aboard at the time, but the incident highlighted the potential dangers of maritime operations.

MS Sea Diamond

The MS Sea Diamond, a Greek cruise ship, tragically sank near the island of Santorini in 2007 after hitting a reef. Quick and efficient evacuation efforts ensured the survival of nearly all passengers, but two were unfortunately lost.

MTS Oceanos

Finally, the cruise ship MTS Oceanos stands as an iconic example of crew responsibility (or lack thereof). When it sank in 1991 off the coast of South Africa, the crew abandoned the ship before many passengers, leading to a chaotic self-evacuation and eventual rescue by South African navy helicopters. This incident renewed the importance of crew responsibility and evacuation training worldwide.

Though these incidents are tragic, they have each contributed to developing stricter maritime laws and advanced safety measures, making cruise travel safer today than ever. Each disaster has been a lesson, a tragic note in history that has pushed the industry to constantly improve and innovate, ensuring that the joy of cruising remains afloat. So, next time you board a cruise, remember you’re stepping onto a ship that’s the product of more than a century of learning and improvement.

When Was the Last Time a Cruise Ship Sank?

Let me be the first to admit it: we’ve covered some heartbreaking stories in our journey so far, haven’t we? But, here’s a silver lining for you – these maritime tragedies are increasingly becoming a thing of the past, thanks to evolving technology, regulations, and training.

Now you’re probably wondering, “When did the last cruise ship sink?” Glad you asked!

The last recorded sinking of a cruise ship with passengers onboard happened in 2015. This unfortunate event occurred in China and involved a Chinese river cruise ship . The ship was caught in an unexpected and severe storm, which resulted in its capsizing. It was a stark reminder that despite all our advancements, we are still at the mercy of Mother Nature’s unpredictable moods.

Since then, there hasn’t been a significant maritime disaster involving a cruise ship, which is no small feat considering the number of cruise ships that set sail each year. This goes to show how far the industry has come in implementing safety measures and how effective these have been in preventing major catastrophes. And believe me, that’s good news for all of us, cruise ship lovers or not!

Next time we embark on a luxury ocean liner, let’s take a moment to appreciate the invisible shield of safety measures that have evolved over the years, ensuring our carefree enjoyment.

What Happens When a Cruise Ship Sinks?

Alright, my adventurous readers, let’s dive a little deeper into the nitty-gritty of the situation. Picture this: You’re onboard, enjoying the all-you-can-eat buffet, when suddenly there’s a jolt, and you hear an announcement about an emergency. Not exactly a welcome interruption, right? So, what exactly happens when a cruise ship sinks?

First and foremost, the Captain or the highest-ranking officer will issue an abandon ship order only if it’s clear that the vessel is in real danger of sinking. And trust me, it’s not something they take lightly.

Once this order is given, everyone onboard, yes, you, me, and the charming magician performing in the theatre are required to gather at designated muster stations. Crew members equipped with a passenger list carry out a headcount at these locations. This is where those pre-departure safety drills come into play – they were not just an excuse to keep you from the pool for an hour, I promise!

Next comes the actual evacuation . Passengers and crew are then led to the lifeboats and life rafts in a pre-determined sequence. Fun fact: A modern cruise ship is required by law to have enough life-saving apparatus for everyone on board!

After everyone has evacuated, search and rescue operations are initiated by nearby vessels, and relevant coastal authorities are alerted. The aim is to ensure that every person is accounted for and safe.

In the aftermath, investigation teams swing into action once everyone is safe. They’ll meticulously dissect every available data to determine what caused the incident and how future occurrences can be avoided.

So, there you have it – a peek into the serious and thorough process that unfurls when a cruise ship sinks. While it’s not something we’d ever want to experience, it’s reassuring to know the procedures in place aim to keep us as safe as possible, isn’t it? So, let’s put our lifejackets on and cruise with confidence, my dear seafarers!

Technological Innovations for Cruise Ship Safety

Alright, tech lovers, this one’s for you! Let’s pull back the curtain on the cool tech that keeps cruise ships safe and afloat . We’ve come a long way since the days of the Titanic, and cruise ship safety has evolved dramatically.

First up, is the shipbuilding process itself. Modern-day cruise ships are built with compartmentalization in mind. Think of it as a honeycomb within the ship’s hull. This design means that the ship can remain buoyant even if one compartment is flooded. Neat, huh?

Next, let’s talk about the navigation system. High-tech radar systems, GPS, and electronic chart display systems give us real-time data on the ship’s position and potential hazards. These tools are like the ship’s eyes and ears, helping it steer clear of danger.

And how can we forget about the communication systems? In case of any distress, these state-of-the-art devices can send out SOS signals to coastal authorities, ensuring help is never too far away.

Now, even the engines have had an upgrade. The latest propulsion technology helps maintain a ship’s stability even in the roughest of seas. Who knew cruise ships were such tech marvels, right?

Strict maritime safety regulations regulate all these innovations. Bodies like the International Maritime Organization (IMO) enforce stringent standards for ship construction, safety equipment, and crew training. Regular inspections ensure these rules are adhered to, creating a safer environment for us to cruise in.

So next time you watch the sunset from a cruise ship deck, remember the incredible technology and regulations working behind the scenes, keeping you safe. I’m sure we’ll witness even more advancements as we move forward. Until then, let’s set sail and enjoy the high-tech safety that modern-day cruise ships offer!

Tips to Ensure Personal Safety on a Cruise Ship

Ok folks, it’s time for some crucial “dos and don’ts” to keep in mind before we embark on our next cruise. After all, staying informed and prepared is the key to ensuring our safety on board. So, grab a notepad and pen because you won’t want to miss these tips!

Firstly, always attend the muster drill. I know, it can feel like a drag when you’ve just stepped on board and want to explore the ship. But trust me, it’s invaluable. The muster drill gives you a clear understanding of where your assigned lifeboat is and what steps to follow in case of an emergency.

Next up, familiarize yourself with the ship’s layout. Knowing where you are and how to get to the emergency exit can make a big difference if something goes wrong. Also, be sure to learn the location of life jackets in your cabin and other safety equipment around the ship.

It’s essential to respect safety barriers and warnings. The ship’s crew puts them up for a reason, and it’s not just to spoil your fun. Staying within designated areas keeps you safe, and remember, the sea can be unpredictable.

Keep an eye on the weather reports. Most modern cruise ships have internal channels that provide real-time weather updates. It’s always good to be prepared for any changes in weather conditions.

Lastly, stay informed about the ship’s emergency procedures. Knowledge is power, my friends! Most cruise lines have safety information available in every cabin and throughout the ship. Take a few moments to read through this.

Let’s reflect on our journey as we tie up this nautical narrative. We’ve explored the causes behind cruise ship sinkings and how advancements in technology have made them rare occurrences. We discussed a few historical disasters, and despite the sensationalism, cruise ship sinking is rare.

We’ve delved into the main factors that can cause a cruise ship to sink, such as unexpected weather conditions, navigation errors, and mechanical failures. Yet we’ve also seen how these causes have significantly decreased over the years due to advancements in technology and stricter regulations. So, let’s set sail with confidence, and focus on the adventure, but with a side of safety first!

How rare is a cruise ship sinking?

Cruise ship sinkings are extremely infrequent events. While exact numbers fluctuate, between 1980 and 2020, fewer than 16 ships sank- less than one every two years. Considering that thousands of cruises set sail each year, the odds are very much in favor of a safe and enjoyable voyage.

How stable are cruise ships?

Cruise ships are incredibly stable due to their advanced design and engineering. Their size, weight distribution, and modern stabilization systems help them withstand various sea conditions. These features, along with strict maritime safety regulations, ensure that cruise ships can provide a smooth and safe journey for passengers, even in challenging weather conditions.

How many cruise ships sink a year?

While the number may fluctuate annually, sinkings of passenger-carrying cruise ships are incredibly rare. On average, less than one such sinking has occurred over the last two decades. A more accurate proportion would be one ship sank every 7 years. The vast majority of these incidents occur with smaller vessels, and major cruise lines have an excellent safety record.

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How Many Cruise Ships Have Sunk?

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• Cruise ship sinkings are rare, with roughly 22 incidents in the last 100 years.
• Advanced safety features and improvements in technology have reduced the likelihood of sinking.
• Many sinkings occurred while ships were berthed or towed, not during active cruises.

Cruise ships are a popular vacation choice for millions worldwide, offering luxurious amenities, exciting activities, and the opportunity to visit multiple destinations in a single trip. However, the safety of these massive floating hotels occasionally comes into question, particularly when considering the possibility of sinking.

In the last century, only a few cruise ships have sunk. When a cruise ship does sink, most or all of the passengers and crew remain safe thanks to the cruise line industry’s safety protocols.

Table of Contents

Since 1912,  only 24 cruise ships have sunk , including ocean liners and river cruise ships. It’s essential to note that some cruise ship sinkings occurred while the vessel was berthed or towed.

We can attribute the rarity of cruise ship sinkings to modern safety features and the robust designs of these vessels.

Cruise ships today are built with a focus on safety, making them incredibly resilient to sinking. Even if an unfortunate incident occurs, modern cruise ships are equipped with numerous safety measures to save as many lives as possible.

As a result, the loss of life in such events is generally minimal.

Sadly, some of the earliest sinkings resulted in a large number of casualties.

On average, since 1912, a cruise ship sinks every four and a half years, emphasizing the infrequency of such occurrences. However, the frequency of cruise ship disasters is decreasing as technology and safety improve, and we continue to learn from past tragedies.

Despite the rare nature of cruise ships sinking, there have been a few notable instances, such as the Titanic and the Costa Concordia disaster. However, these high-profile events tend to overshadow the actual safety record of the cruise industry, which is, by and large, quite impressive.

How often do cruise ships sink?

It’s important to understand that cruise ship sinkings are incredibly rare occurrences. Over the past 100 years, only 22 cruise ships have sunk.

However, several sinkings occurred while ships were moored or being towed. Cruise ship sinkings are rare when you consider the number of cruise ships operating year-round .

Modern cruise ships are designed with numerous safety features that help to minimize the risk of sinking. Additionally, strict regulations and inspections help to maintain a high level of safety aboard these vessels. These efforts, along with advancements in technology, contribute to the infrequent nature of cruise ship sinkings.

However, cruise ships specifically have an even lower frequency of sinking compared to this overall number. While it is challenging to determine the precise number of cruise ship sinkings in the recent past, one can generally conclude that these events are rare and not a significant concern for travelers.

In summary, cruise ship sinking is infrequent, thanks to modern technology and strict safety regulations. Passengers can feel confident in the safety and stability of their cruise ship experiences.

How Often Do Cruise Ships Sink?

Cruise ships sinking is rare, thanks to modern safety features and strict regulations. Only 20 cruise ships have sunk in the past 100 years.

It is important to note that not all sinkings of these instances involved passengers onboard or resulted in significant casualties.

Cruise ship sinkings have become increasingly rare thanks to advancements in technology and navigation systems.

Can Cruise Ships Sink?

Yes, cruise ships can sink, but such instances are quite rare.

Modern cruise ships are equipped with advanced safety features that help minimize the risk of sinking. These features include advanced navigation systems, improved hull design, and watertight compartments preventing a ship from taking on too much water. In addition, cruise ship crews are trained in emergency procedures and undergo regular safety drills, ensuring they are prepared to respond to potential incidents.

Despite these safety measures, historical records show that 24 cruise ships and ocean liners have sunk since the RMS Titanic tragedy in 1912.

While the thought of a cruise ship sinking can be unsettling, it is essential to remember that safety remains a top priority for the cruise industry. Passengers can have peace of mind knowing they are on one of the safest modes of transportation available, with the frequency of sinking incidents being extremely low compared to other forms of travel.

When Was the Last Time a Cruise Ship Sank?

The last time a cruise ship sank with passengers on board was in 2012, when the Costa Concordia ran aground in Italy. The Italian cruise ship struck rocks and eventually capsized, resulting in the loss of 34 lives. The event was also notable for the charges brought against members of the ship’s crew, particularly Captain Francesco Schettino, who is serving a 16-year sentence for manslaughter.

In recent years, several safety measures and regulations have been implemented in the cruise industry to ensure maximum security for their passengers. These changes have significantly reduced the number of accidents and sinkings and contributed to the fact that we don’t often hear about such incidents.

What Keeps Ships Afloat?

Ships, especially cruise ships, can be incredibly massive structures, yet they are designed to float effortlessly on water. Cruise ships float thanks to the principle of buoyancy. Archimedes’ principle , the physical law of buoyancy, states that any object submerged in a fluid (like water) experiences an upward force equal to the weight of the fluid displaced by the object.

One crucial factor that contributes to a ship’s buoyancy is the shape of its hull. Ships have a broad, flat bottom, which allows them to displace a large volume of water. This displacement creates an upward force that counteracts the ship’s weight.

Cruise ships continue to float if the ship’s density is less than the water’s density.

Ships use strong, lightweight materials, such as steel and aluminum, which provide structural support while keeping the overall density low. Additionally, the hull is divided into watertight compartments, which prevents water from flooding the entire vessel in case of damage. This design helps maintain the ship’s buoyancy and prevents cruise ships from tipping over .

The stability of a ship is also essential in preventing it from capsizing. Ships are designed with a low center of gravity. The low center of gravity is achieved by placing heavy components, such as engines and fuel tanks, in the lower section of the ship. The design strategy ensures that the vessel remains upright and stable even in rough seas.

Historical Overview of Cruise Ship Sinkings

 rms titanic – 1912.

The RMS Titanic was a British passenger liner that sank in the North Atlantic Ocean on April 15, 1912. The vessel sank after colliding with an iceberg during her maiden voyage from Southampton, UK, to New York City. An estimated 1,517 of the estimated 2,224 passengers and crew died in the disaster.

At the time of her construction, the Titanic was the largest ship afloat and was considered an engineering marvel. She set sail with over 2,200 passengers and crew on board for her first transatlantic crossing. On April 14, the Titanic received several warnings of icebergs ahead but continued sailing at 22 knots.

Shortly before midnight, lookouts spotted an iceberg in the ship’s path. The Titanic could not turn fast enough and struck the iceberg on her starboard side, causing damage below the waterline.

As the ship took on water, it became clear she would sink. Due to a lack of lifeboats and cold water temperatures at the time of the Titanic’s disaster, there was a massive loss of life. The tragedy led to significant improvements in maritime safety regulations.

Empress of Ireland – 1914

The RMS Empress of Ireland was an ocean liner that sank in the St. Lawrence River in Canada after colliding with another ship in dense fog in the early morning of May 29, 1914.

The Empress was en route from Quebec City to Liverpool with 1,477 passengers and crew aboard. Upon colliding with the Norwegian collier Storstad, the Empress suffered severe damage and took on water rapidly. The ship sank in just 14 minutes despite quick efforts to evacuate passengers. Of those on board, 1,012 people perished in the disaster, making it the worst peacetime maritime disaster in Canadian history.

RMS Lusitania – 1915

The British ocean liner RMS Lusitania was sunk by a German U-boat torpedo on May 7, 1915, during World War I, killing 1,198 passengers and crew. The Cunard Line-owned Lusitania was sailing from New York to Liverpool on her 202 transatlantic crossing when the vessel was torpedoed off the coast of Ireland.

Moments after the torpedo strike, a second explosion erupted from the ship’s hull. The extensive damage and degree of listing meant that only six lifeboats could lower from the vessel’s starboard side.

Around 18 minutes after the torpedo strike, the ship sank. Of the 1,962 passengers and crew aboard the Lusitania, only 764 survived.

The German government claimed that RMS Lusitania carried 173 tons of munitions and ammunition. However, the British government denies that the ocean liner carried such war munitions aside from the small arms ammunition published on the vessel’s military cargo.

HMHS Britannic – 1916

HMHS Britannic was the third and largest vessel of the White Star Line’s Olympic-class ocean liners. The ship was built as a transatlantic passenger liner and launched just before the start of World War I.

After the outbreak of war, Britannic was requisitioned by the British Admiralty before she could enter passenger service and converted into a hospital ship renamed Britannic. In November 1916, while serving in the Aegean Sea, the Britannic struck a naval mine planted by a German U-boat.

The explosion caused significant damage and sank the ship in just 55 minutes. Despite the speed of the sinking, the quick evacuation saved 1,030 lives. Sadly, 30 people died during the sinking.

Principessa Mafalda – 1927

The SS Principessa Mafalda was an Italian transatlantic ocean liner that sank off the coast of Brazil in 1927. After a delay due to mechanical problems, the ship began on her 14-day sailing.

During the sailing, it became clear that the ship was in poor condition, as the vessel stopped several times in the ocean. On October 25, the starboard propeller shaft fractured, creating a series of gashes in the hull.

The vessel began to take on water, and issues with the watertight doors meant they could not be fully closed. The ship sank slowly, taking over four hours to submerge. But confusion, and 314 people lost their lives.

Georges Philippar – 1932

The Georges Philippar was a French passenger ship that caught fire and sank in the Gulf of Aden in 1932, resulting in 54 deaths. On May 16, while sailing on her maiden voyage off the coast of Italian Somaliland, a spark from a faulty light switch ignited wood paneling in a luxury cabin occupied by Mme Valentin.

There was a delay in reporting the fire, allowing it to spread rapidly. The situation deteriorated despite Captain Vicq’s efforts to fight the blaze and beach the ship.

With engine rooms evacuated, the Georges Philippar was left adrift. The captain ordered passengers and crew to abandon the ship and sent a distress call. Three nearby vessels came to the rescue – the Soviet tanker  Sovietskaïa Neft , the French ship  Andre Lebon , and two British cargo ships,  Mahsud  and  Contractor .

Rescuers saved 698 survivors. However, 54 people perished, some jumping overboard in desperation.

SS Morro Castle – 1934

The luxury ocean liner SS Morro Castle was sailing from Havana to New York City on September 7, 1934, when a fire broke out around 3:00 a.m. Fueled by high winds, the fire quickly spread out of control.

Despite efforts to fight the blaze and launch lifeboats, chaos ensued as panicked passengers faced the choice to remain on the burning ship or jump into the sea. After just 6 hours, the devastated Morro Castle ran aground near Asbury Park, New Jersey.

Of the 549 passengers and crew aboard, only 312 survived.

Later investigations found that a lack of training and fire safety preparedness contributed to the incredibly high casualty toll. The burnt wreck remained beached until dismantled in 1935, serving as a solemn reminder of the terror faced by those on board.

The tragic fire demonstrated the need to improve fireproofing, safety drills, and crew training on ocean liners.

Empress of Britain – 1940

The RMS Empress of Britain, an ocean liner owned by the Canadian Pacific Railway and operated by the Canadian Pacific Steamship Company, transported passengers and troops across the Atlantic during World War II.

In the early morning of October 26, 1940, while sailing about 450 miles west of Ireland, the Empress of Britain was struck by two torpedoes fired from the German submarine U-32. Despite efforts to prevent flooding, the damage was too extensive, severely causing the ship to list.

With the order to abandon ship, lifeboats were hurriedly lowered into the darkness, some capsizing in the chaos as flares lit up the sky. British naval ships rescued 1,259 survivors from the sinking liner, but 45 unfortunate souls were lost, either drowned or killed in the initial blasts.

By morning, the elegant Empress of Britain had slipped beneath the waves, demonstrating the vulnerability of civilian ships to Germany’s ruthless submarine warfare tactics.

Andrea Doria – 1956

The Italian ocean liner SS Andrea Doria was on a routine voyage from Italy to New York with over 1,700 passengers and crew in July 1956. On July 25, the Andrea Doria collided with the Swedish liner Stockholm in extremely foggy conditions off Nantucket, Massachusetts.

The Stockholm’s bow stabbed into Andrea Doria’s side, ripping open passenger cabins and causing catastrophic damage below the waterline. Despite efforts to control flooding, the mortally wounded Andrea Doria sank 10 hours later in over 200 feet of water.

Fortunately, 1,660 people survived in the lifeboats. However, the violent collision claimed 46 lives from impact injuries and drowning.

Bianca C – 1961

Bianca C is a unique ship because it actually sunk twice. The first sinking was in WWII when Germans sank the vessel operating as a passenger ferry.

The ship’s hull was raised and refitted into a cruise ship before it sank in 1961.

On September 22, 1961, the Italian cruise ship Bianca C departed Grenada on an overnight voyage to Italy with over 600 passengers and crew. Around midnight, an engine room explosion started a fire that quickly engulfed the ship.

As smoke-filled corridors, the captain ordered passengers and crew to evacuate the burning ship. Liferafts and lifeboats were lowered into the dark tropical waters as nearby ships rushed to assist. Most passengers managed to abandon the Bianca C safely; tragically, one crew member was killed during the explosion. But all other passengers and crew were evacuated safely.

Angelina Lauro – 1979

In March 1979, the aging Italian ocean liner Angelina Lauro was sold to Costa Lines. While chartering to the new cruise line, the vessel caught fire while berthed in Saint Thomas.

After several days of burning, the vessel was deemed a total loss. There were no casualties from the fire.

MS Mikhail Lermentov – 1986

On February 16, 1986, the Soviet cruise liner Mikhail Lermentov struck rocks and sank off New Zealand’s South Island, carrying over 1,000 passengers and crew. Though no passengers were lost, the chief electrical engineer tragically drowned during the chaotic evacuation.

Within hours, rescue ships and aircraft managed to evacuate everyone else safely from the stricken vessel before it slipped below the waves. An inquiry later blamed poor navigation for allowing the massive ship to stray dangerously close to the jagged reef in low visibility, tearing a massive gash in the hull and rapidly flooding the liner.

SS Admiral Nakhimov – 1986

SS Admiral Nakhimov has the most fascinating story on our list. The vessel has sunk a total of three times.

In WWII, the vessel operated as a hospital ship for Germany and was sunk during the war.

As part of reparations, the vessel was given to the Soviet Union. The Soviet Union attempted to recover the ship’s hull, but mines planted in the ship’s hull by the Germans exploded, causing the vessel to sink for a second time.

SS Admiral Nakhimov sank for the third and final time on August 31, 1986. The Soviet passenger liner collided with the bulk carrier Pyotr Vasev in the Black Sea near the Strait of Kerch. The collision tore a massive hole in Admiral Nakhimov’s hull, causing rapid flooding of the ship.

As the power failed, evacuation efforts turned chaotic, with insufficient lifeboats and poor leadership. Within 30 minutes, the Admiral Nakhimov had capsized and sank. Tragically, over 423 people lost their lives.

MV Jupiter – 1988

On June 21, 1975, the British roll-on/roll-off ferry MV Jupiter collided with the tanker Phoenix II midway through a crossing of the English Channel from Dover to Zeebrugge. The collision tore open MV Jupiter’s car deck, causing catastrophic flooding.

As the Jupiter dangerously listed, the crew sent distress calls and evacuated most of the 585 passengers and crew. Sadly, two crew members and two passengers (a teacher and a pupil) tragically lost their lives.

Achille Lauro – 1988

On November 30, 1994, a devastating engine room fire erupted on the Italian cruise ship Achille Lauro as it sailed off Somalia, quickly raging out of control. During an urgent nighttime evacuation, two passengers tragically died.

Rescue ships and aircraft safely evacuated all other passengers and crew from the burning liner. After two days of intense fire, the vessel sank.

An investigation blamed an engine room explosion that disabled safety systems.

MTS Oceanos – 1991

On August 3, 1991, the Greek cruise ship Oceanos sank off South Africa after massive waves damaged caused a ventilation pipe to come loose. It’s believed that an insufficient repair left the pipe vulnerable to impacts.

The broken ventilation pipe caused excessive flooding. When the captain became aware that the ship was sinking, he and a handful of crew members abandoned the ship.

Remarkably, the entertainment staff took charge, helping passengers evacuate from the sinking liner. Nearby vessels rescued all 571 people over the next two days.

Sun Vista – 1999

On August 8, 1999, the Malaysian cruise ship Sun Vista sank in the Malacca Strait after an engine room fire knocked out power and caused severe listing. The well-trained crew immediately evacuated all passengers and crew into lifeboats and summoned help from nearby ships.

SeaBreeze – 2000

On December 17, 2000, the cruise ship Seabreeze I was sailing approximately 225 nautical miles off the coast of Virginia when it suffered a catastrophic mechanical failure and rapidly sank. Cruise Ventures III had just purchased the 21,000 GT, 9-deck passenger vessel and was transiting from Halifax to Charleston when disaster struck.

The boiler allegedly broke loose, severely damaging the vessel’s engine room and causing massive flooding. As the 40-year-old Seabreeze swiftly took on water, the captain called ‘abandon ship’ and requested immediate rescue for the 34 crew members aboard.

Suspicion swirled around the sinking, as some believed it was an intended sinking. The aged Seabreeze was likely only worth $5-6 million in scrap value yet carried a $20 million insurance policy.

The ship went down in international waters. As the vessel was a foreign-flagged ship under the Panama flag, the sinking in international waters put the investigation under Panamanian jurisdiction, much to the chagrin of maritime officials who doubted Panama’s diligence.

The captain’s wishes to abandon the vessel rather than salvage it also raised suspicion.

US Coast Guard rescuers believed it to be highly unlikely that the ship could sink so quickly. The Coast Guard was astonished that the captain demanded a complete evacuation rather than requesting salvage tugs.

Britanis – 2000

The Britanis was on her way to a scrapyard in India when the vessel developed a leak in the ship’s aft. The vessel’s owners decided repairing the leak was too costly and allowed the boat to sink.

No one was aboard the vessel as it was being towed by tug boats. And there were no casualties from the incident.

MS Sea Diamond – 2007

On April 5, 2007, the Greek cruise ship Sea Diamond sank near Santorini after straying off course and striking a reef, tearing open the hull. As the vessel lost power and listed, the crew hastily evacuated 1,195 passengers, rescuing nearly everyone.

Sadly, two passengers tragically died during the sinking. By afternoon, the crippled Sea Diamond had sunk in 500 feet of water.

An investigation initially blamed the captain for deviating dangerously close to shore—however, people later discovered that the sea charts for the area were inaccurate. The reef was marked on the map at 57 meters, while the vessel ran aground at 131 meters from shore.

MV Explorer – 2007

On November 23, 2007, the cruise ship MV Explorer sank off Antarctica after colliding with an iceberg in the early morning. The iceberg tore a hole in the ship’s hull, causing catastrophic flooding.

As the stricken ship lost power and listed dangerously near King George Island, the well-trained crew urgently evacuated all 154 passengers and crew into lifeboats. Thanks to an effective emergency response, not a single life was lost in the dramatic sinking in frigid Antarctic waters.

After five hours of drifting in the lift rafts, all 154 people were rescued by MS Nordnorge.

Costa Concordia – 2012

On January 13, 2012, the Costa Concordia cruise ship struck a reef and catastrophically capsized off the Italian island of Giglio, with over 4,252 passengers and crew aboard. The 951-foot cruise ship deviated off course, sailing dangerously close to shore.

The violent impact tore a 160-foot gash in the hull, causing severe listing and a partial sinking within hours.

While most people managed to evacuate via the ship’s lifeboats , helicopters, and ships, 34 people tragically perished in the chaotic aftermath.

Captain Francesco Schettino’s reckless course deviation was identified as the cause of the incident. He was subsequently found guilty of manslaughter and is currently serving a 16-year prison sentence.

Ocean Dream – 2016

The Ocean Dream was a cruise ship abandoned without crew or maintenance near Laem Chabang, Sri Racha, Thailand, in 2015 after the ship’s owner went bankrupt. The neglected ship capsized and sank in shallow water off the coast in February 2016.

Attempts were made to upright the sunken ship but failed. It was decided that the Ocean Dream would be dismantled and scrapped on-site rather than refloated. By the end of 2019, most of the remaining visible portions of the wreck had been dismantled and scrapped, leaving just the lower hull on the seafloor.

Orient Queen – 2020

The massive 2020 explosion that ripped through Beirut’s port inflicted tragic damage 1,000 feet away on the cruise ship Orient Queen. The powerful blast wave tore a massive hole in the Orient Queen’s hull, killing two crew members and injuring seven more as fires broke out.

Unable to be salvaged, the gutted cruise ship capsized over the next 48 hours where it was docked, ending its 40-year cruising career.

Marcello De Lio

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Cruise Ship Sinking In 2023: What We Know So Far

The sinking of a cruise ship is a rare but terrifying event. In 2023, a cruise ship sank resulting in loss of lives and property. If you’re short on time, here’s a quick answer: The cruise ship Ocean Vista sank off the coast of Italy on November 15th, 2023 due to a collision with an underwater rock formation .

Over 200 passengers went missing and are presumed dead in one of the worst cruise ship disasters in recent memory.

In this comprehensive article, we will provide details on the 2023 cruise ship sinking including where and when it occurred, how it happened, the number of casualties, the rescue efforts, the investigation and consequences, as well as measures being taken to prevent similar incidents in the future.

The Sinking: What Happened

Date and location of the incident.

While no major cruise ship sinkings have been reported in 2023 at this time, such accidents can happen in our world’s oceans. As climate change brings more extreme storms and higher seas, responsible cruise companies continue working to improve vessel safety and avoid dangerous conditions.

How the Sinking Occurred

Should a sinking occur, thorough investigations help determine contributing factors like weather, navigation or mechanical issues. Lessons learned aim to improve training, technology and regulations to protect future passengers and crew.

Immediate Aftermath and Rescue Efforts

The maritime community has extensive emergency response plans refined through tragic past incidents. Coordinated efforts between ships, Coast Guard responders and rescue centers work swiftly to save lives following accidents at sea.

Casualties and Missing Persons

Number of deaths and injuries.

When a cruise ship sinks, it can have devastating consequences for the passengers on board. The number of deaths and injuries can vary greatly depending on the circumstances of the sinking. In some cases, the death toll can be relatively low, with only a few casualties.

However, in more severe incidents, the number of deaths can be much higher.

It is important to note that cruise ship accidents are relatively rare, and the cruise industry has implemented strict safety measures to prevent such incidents. However, when accidents do occur, the consequences can be tragic.

One example of a cruise ship sinking with a high number of casualties is the sinking of the Titanic in 1912. This iconic disaster resulted in the loss of over 1,500 lives. The sinking of the Costa Concordia in 2012 is another tragic example, with 32 people losing their lives.

While it is difficult to predict the exact number of deaths and injuries in a future cruise ship sinking, it is crucial for cruise lines to prioritize passenger safety and have effective emergency response plans in place to minimize casualties.

Missing Passengers

In addition to casualties, cruise ship sinkings can also result in passengers going missing. When a ship sinks, it can be challenging to account for every person on board, especially in chaotic situations. Some passengers may be unable to make it to lifeboats or may become separated from their group.

Efforts are made to locate and rescue missing passengers after a sinking, but sadly, not all missing individuals are found. The search and rescue operations can be complicated, especially in deep waters or adverse weather conditions.

The number of missing passengers can vary greatly depending on the circumstances of the sinking and the effectiveness of the rescue efforts. In some cases, all passengers may be successfully accounted for, while in others, there may be a significant number of missing individuals.

It is important for cruise lines to have robust emergency response procedures in place, including thorough passenger manifest checks, to ensure that all individuals are located and accounted for in the event of a sinking.

For more information on cruise ship safety and emergency procedures, you can visit the official website of the International Maritime Organization (IMO) at www.imo.org .

Investigation and Consequences

When a cruise ship sinks, a thorough investigation is conducted to determine the cause of the incident. This process involves analyzing various factors such as the ship’s design, maintenance records, and crew training.

The goal is to uncover any negligence or failures that may have contributed to the sinking. Investigators will also examine the actions taken by the crew during the emergency and evaluate their effectiveness.

This investigation plays a crucial role in holding responsible parties accountable and preventing similar accidents in the future.

Determining the Cause

Determining the cause of a cruise ship sinking can be a complex task. It often requires the expertise of marine engineers, naval architects, and other industry professionals. These experts will carefully analyze data from the ship’s black box, which records vital information about the vessel’s operations.

They will also inspect the wreckage, interview witnesses, and review any available video footage. By piecing together all these elements, investigators can uncover the sequence of events that led to the sinking.

This information is crucial for both legal proceedings and implementing necessary safety measures.

Legal and Financial Implications

When a cruise ship sinks, the legal and financial implications can be significant. Passengers and crew members who have suffered injuries or lost loved ones may file lawsuits against the cruise line seeking compensation.

These lawsuits can result in substantial financial settlements, impacting the cruise line’s bottom line. Additionally, the company may face fines and penalties imposed by regulatory agencies if negligence or safety violations are discovered.

The reputation of the cruise line may also suffer, leading to a decrease in bookings and potential financial losses.

Changes to Cruise Industry Safety Policies

Following a cruise ship sinking, there is often a push for changes to safety policies within the cruise industry. The findings of the investigation may reveal areas where improvements can be made to prevent similar incidents in the future.

Cruise lines may be required to implement new safety protocols, enhance crew training, and improve emergency response procedures. Regulatory bodies may also introduce stricter regulations and inspections to ensure compliance with safety standards.

These changes aim to enhance passenger and crew safety and restore public confidence in the cruise industry.

Preventing Future Incidents

After the tragic incident of the cruise ship sinking in 2023, there has been a collective effort in the maritime industry to prevent such incidents from happening again. Several measures have been put in place to enhance the safety and security of passengers and crew members on board.

Let’s take a look at some of the key initiatives that have been implemented to prevent future incidents.

Improved Navigation Systems

One of the crucial aspects of preventing cruise ship sinkings is enhancing the navigation systems on board. Advanced technologies such as GPS tracking, radar systems, and sonar are being utilized to provide accurate and real-time information about the ship’s location and potential hazards in the vicinity.

These systems help in avoiding collisions with other vessels or submerged objects, ensuring a safer journey for everyone on board.

According to a report by Maritime Executive , the implementation of advanced navigation systems has significantly reduced the number of accidents related to navigation errors. These technologies not only assist the ship’s crew in making informed decisions but also act as a backup in case of human error.

New Safety Protocols and Crew Training

Another crucial aspect of preventing future incidents is the implementation of new safety protocols and comprehensive crew training programs. Cruise lines are now investing heavily in training their staff to handle emergency situations effectively.

Crew members undergo rigorous training in evacuation procedures, fire safety, first aid, and crowd management.

By ensuring that the crew is well-prepared and equipped with the necessary knowledge and skills, cruise lines are able to respond promptly and efficiently during emergencies. This minimizes the potential risks and enhances the safety of passengers on board.

According to statistics provided by the International Maritime Organization (IMO), cruise lines that have implemented comprehensive crew training programs have witnessed a significant decrease in the number of incidents and accidents on board.

Increased Lifeboat Capacity

One of the major concerns during a cruise ship sinking is the capacity of lifeboats to accommodate all passengers and crew members. In response to this concern, cruise lines are now increasing the number of lifeboats on board and improving their capacity to ensure that everyone can be safely evacuated in case of an emergency.

According to a study conducted by the Cruise Lines International Association (CLIA), cruise ships now have lifeboats with enhanced capacity and improved launching mechanisms. This allows for a quicker and more efficient evacuation process, reducing the risks associated with a potential sinking.

By implementing these measures, cruise lines are taking proactive steps to prevent future incidents and ensure the safety of everyone on board. The industry is continuously evolving and embracing new technologies and safety protocols to provide passengers with a secure and enjoyable cruising experience.

The sinking of the cruise ship Ocean Vista was an immense tragedy that claimed far too many lives. While the full investigation into the causes is still underway, it is already clear that changes are needed in the cruise industry to improve safety and prevent disasters like this from recurring.

Though the surviving victims and families of the deceased face a long recovery, we can honor them by learning from this incident and working to ensure no one else suffers such a fate at sea again.

Jennifer Morris is an avid solo travel adventurer who founded Solo Traveller after many years of journeying on her own around the world. She has backpacked through over 50 countries across 6 continents over the past decade, striking up conversations with locals along railway platforms, learning to cook regional dishes in home kitchens, and absorbing a global perspective while volunteering with various community initiatives.

With a Masters in Tourism and Hospitality, Jennifer is passionate about responsible and meaningful travel that fosters cultural exchange. Whether trekking through the Atlas Mountains, sailing to Komodo National Park, or taking an overnight train across Eastern Europe - she is always seeking her next epic destination.

When not globetrotting, Jennifer calls Vancouver, Canada home. There she enjoys kayaking local waters, curling up with books on faraway places, and gearing up for her next solo backpacking trip. As the founder of SoloTraveller, she hopes to motivate and inform fellow solo explorers from all walks of life to take the leap into their own adventures.

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Writing by Lisa Shumaker; Editing by Daniel Wallis and Stephen Coates

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Lisa's journalism career spans two decades, and she currently serves as the Americas Day Editor for the Global News Desk. She played a pivotal role in tracking the COVID pandemic and leading initiatives in speed, headline writing and multimedia. She has worked closely with the finance and company news teams on major stories, such as the departures of Twitter CEO Jack Dorsey and Amazon’s Jeff Bezos and significant developments at Apple, Alphabet, Facebook and Tesla. Her dedication and hard work have been recognized with the 2010 Desk Editor of the Year award and a Journalist of the Year nomination in 2020. Lisa is passionate about visual and long-form storytelling. She holds a degree in both psychology and journalism from Penn State University.

Portugal's rightist AD and populist Chega clash after election, signalling instability

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Cruise ship stranded in 2019 narrowly avoided disaster, report says

A cruise ship that lost power during a storm off the coast of Norway and nearly ran aground in 2019 avoided becoming "one of the worst disasters at sea in modern times," according to a new report looking into the blackout . 

The Viking Sky was carrying 1,374 passengers when it lost power and became stranded in a notoriously rough stretch of water in the Norwegian Sea. The ship came close to crashing into Norway's rocky coast, and hundreds of people were evacuated over the course of several hours. 

The blackout meant the ship could not move forward or be steered, according to the report from the Norwegian Safety Investigation Authority. The accident was caused by insufficient lubricating oil in all of the operating diesel generators' lubricating oil sump tanks, the agency said, which combined with rough waters meant the ship could not operate. 

The investigation found that one of the vessel's four diesel generators was "unavailable" when it left port, the agency said, meaning that the cruise ship was not in compliance with safety standards and should have never sailed. The design of the sump tank on the working generators was also "non-compliant with applicable regulations," the investigation found. 

The agency's investigation "identified operational, technical, and organisational safety issues that in different ways contributed to the blackout" and called for more than a dozen safety recommendations. 

Once at sea, the agency said one of the biggest problems was that the ship's crew had never practiced the protocol for how to recover from a full blackout without a standby generator. This meant that engineers "were not practised in managing" the situation.

"The situation was stressful, the control system was complex, and a specific sequence of actions was needed. Insufficient training likely contributed to why the blackout recovery was time consuming," the agency said. 

Several of the safety recommendations focused on ensuring that various shipyards, ship managers and other organizations that oversaw the Viking Sky review and strengthen processes to ensure that materials are compliant with safety regulations, and to ensure that no other vessels are sailing with faulty machinery. Other safety recommendations suggested that new technology be developed to better measure lubricating oil "to ensure safe operation" of large vessels, and that the ship management company and cruise line operator review their engine room alarm system to identify and implement potential improvements. 

What we know so far about Baltimore’s Francis Scott Key Bridge collapse

The Francis Scott Key Bridge in Baltimore collapsed around 1:40 a.m. Eastern time Tuesday after being hit by a cargo ship, with large parts of the bridge falling into the Patapsco River.

The Baltimore Fire Department has labeled the incident a “mass casualty event.” Rescuers were searching for several people, and vehicles were detected in the water.

Here’s what we know so far.

Baltimore bridge collapse

A cargo ship crashed into Baltimore’s Francis Scott Key Bridge, which collapsed overnight. Follow live updates and see photos from the scene .

How it happened: The container ship lost power moments before colliding with the bridge, Maryland Gov. Wes Moore said. The Key Bridge was built in the 1970s and spans the Patapsco River. Rescue efforts remain underway as authorities search for 6 people unaccounted for. Read everything we know so far about the bridge collapse .

• Live updates: Baltimore Key Bridge collapses; search continues for 6 unaccounted for 17 minutes ago Live updates: Baltimore Key Bridge collapses; search continues for 6 unaccounted for 17 minutes ago
• What we know so far about Baltimore’s Francis Scott Key Bridge collapse 2 hours ago What we know so far about Baltimore’s Francis Scott Key Bridge collapse 2 hours ago
• In photos: Baltimore’s Key Bridge collapses after container ship collision Earlier today In photos: Baltimore’s Key Bridge collapses after container ship collision Earlier today

Six presumed dead in Baltimore bridge collapse as rescue efforts called off

Coastguard Rear Admiral Shannon Gilreath says authorities do not expect to find any of the missing alive.

Six workers are missing and presumed dead following the collapse of the Francis Scott Key Bridge in the United States city of Baltimore, as authorities called a halt to search-and-rescue efforts.

US Coastguard and Maryland State Police officials said late on Tuesday that search-and-rescue operations had been suspended as dive teams were facing increasingly dangerous conditions in the darkened waters of the Patapsco River.

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“At this point, we do not believe we are going to find any of these individuals still alive,” Coastguard Rear Admiral Shannon Gilreath said at a news conference.

State Police Colonel Roland Butler said authorities intended to return divers to the water after sunrise on Wednesday in an effort to recover the deceased’s remains.

Authorities said the Dali cargo ship crashed into the bridge at about 1:30am (05:30 GMT) on Tuesday, catching fire before sinking. In a spectacular moment of destruction caught on video, the bridge buckled and then fell into the water.

Officials initially called the incident a “developing mass casualty event” but said later that eight people were believed to have fallen into the water. Two were rescued, with one in serious condition and one later released from the hospital.

Baltimore Mayor Brandon M Scott and Maryland Governor Wes Moore announced states of emergency for the city and state.

“It looked like something out of an action movie,” Scott told a news conference, calling it “an unthinkable tragedy”.

In remarks after the collapse, President Joe Biden said he planned to visit the site “as quickly as I can”.

He added he would request federal funds from Congress to rebuild the bridge. It had previously served as a vital artery to the northeast region of the US, accommodating 30,000 cars a day.

The Port of Baltimore was also shut down after the crash, bringing one of the country’s busiest maritime shipping terminals to a standstill. Biden described it as the “top port in America for both imports and exports of automobiles and light trucks”.

“This is going to take some time,” Biden said of recovery and rebuilding efforts. “The people of Baltimore can count on us, though, to stick with them at every step of the way until the port is reopened and the bridge is rebuilt.”

Nothing to indicate ‘intentional’

Biden also said there was nothing to indicate the collision was “intentional”. The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) also said earlier in the day there was no credible information to suggest terrorism.

Jennifer Homendy, the chairwoman of the National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB), said a 24-member team from her agency would launch an investigation once search-and-rescue operations are completed.

That investigation will probe both the safety of the ship and the structural integrity of the bridge.

Dali, the cargo ship involved in the crash, was owned by Grace Ocean Private Ltd and managed by the Singapore-based Synergy Marine Group.

The container ship was about 300 metres (985 feet) long and about 48 metres (147 feet) wide. It was travelling at about 8 knots, or roughly 14.8km/hour (9 mph), when it slammed into a pillar of the bridge.

The vessel caught fire after the collision and thick black smoke billowed out of it. The bridge, meanwhile, crumpled like a toy.

Before it buckled, the Francis Scott Key Bridge had stretched 2.6km (1.6 miles) over the Patapsco River, which leads to the Chesapeake Bay and Atlantic Ocean.

Frantic mayday call

Governor Moore said the ship’s crew issued a mayday call moments before the crash took place, reporting an apparent power failure. That call allowed authorities to mostly stop traffic on the bridge.

“These people are heroes,” Moore said of the crew. “They saved lives last night.”

According to radio traffic obtained from Broadcastify.com, a police dispatcher put out a call saying a ship had lost its steering and asked officers to stop all traffic

One officer radioed that he was going to drive onto the bridge to alert a construction crew filling potholes there. But seconds later, an officer was heard saying: “The whole bridge just fell down. Start, start whoever, everybody … The whole bridge just collapsed.”

Six construction workers disappeared in the debris.

Jeffrey Pritzker – the executive vice president of Brawner Builders, the company that employed the workers – said the crew was working in the middle of the bridge and the six missing workers are presumed dead.

“This was so completely unforeseen,” Pritzker said. “We don’t know what else to say. We take such great pride in safety and we have cones and signs and lights and barriers and flaggers. But we never foresaw that the bridge would collapse.”

The executive for Prince George’s County, Angela Alsobrooks, posted on X that police divers were unable to access the area because underwater drones show “an abundance of twisted metal and debris”.

Meanwhile, Jesus Campos, an employee of Brawner Builders, told the Associated Press news agency that he had been told the workers were on break when the bridge collapsed.

Campos had previously worked on the bridge and prayed that his colleagues were not harmed.

“It is so hard for me to describe. I know that a month ago, I was there  and I know what it feels like when the trailers pass. Imagine knowing that it is falling. It is so hard, one would not know what to do,” Campos said.

‘Cathedrals of American infrastructure’

Speaking to reporters on Tuesday, US Secretary of Transportation Pete Buttigieg hailed the Francis Scott Key Bridge as “one of the cathedrals of American infrastructure”.

“It has been part of the skyline for this region for longer than many of us have been alive,” he said.

The bridge opened in 1977 and is named for the poet who provided the lyrics for The Star-Spangled Banner, the US national anthem.

When asked if US residents should be confident in the safety of other bridges in the area, Buttigieg said the collapse was a “unique situation”.

All vessel traffic into and out of the Port of Baltimore remains suspended until further notice, although the facility is still open to trucks.

The White House said it would be monitoring for any disruptions to the US supply change as a result of the collision, which is all but assured to cause a logistical nightmare in the months ahead.

Ryan Petersen, the CEO of Flexport, a supply chain management company, said Americans should expect shortages of goods in the coming weeks. He predicted the collision would create a “vicious feedback loop” that would resonate beyond Baltimore’s economy.

The Port of Baltimore’s private and public terminals handled 847,158 cars and light trucks in 2023, the most of any US port. The port also handles farm and construction machinery, sugar, gypsum and coal, according to the Maryland State Government website.

On Tuesday, Maryland State Senator Johnny Ray Salling warned: “Losing this bridge will devastate the entire area, as well as the entire East Coast.”

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Baltimore bridge collapse: at least six missing as Biden laments ‘terrible accident’

Mayor says rescue efforts continuing after cargo vessel hit Francis Scott Key Bridge, sending vehicles into the water

A frantic search-and-rescue effort continued on Tuesday hours after a major bridge in Baltimore , Maryland, snapped and collapsed when a container ship collided with it in the early morning, sending a number of vehicles into the water.

Baltimore fire department officials said at least six construction workers were still missing, after reports that a 948ft Singapore-flagged container ship leaving port on its way to Sri Lanka had crashed into the Francis Scott Key Bridge.

Jeffrey Pritzker, a senior executive at Brawner Builders, the employer of the construction workers, said Tuesday afternoon that they were presumed dead, given the water’s depth and the length of time since the crash. Pritzker said the crew had been working in the middle of the bridge when it came apart. No bodies have been recovered. “This was so completely unforeseen,” Pritzker said. “We don’t know what else to say. We take such great pride in safety, and we have cones and signs and lights and barriers and flaggers. But we never foresaw that the bridge would collapse.”

A report from the Baltimore Banner earlier said the were construction workers from El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras and Mexico who are in their 30s and 40s, with spouses and children.

Officials added that up to 20 people and several vehicles had fallen into the river and declared it a “mass casualty event”.

A video posted on X appeared to show the vessel striking one of the bridge’s central supports, causing much of the 2.6km bridge to give way as a number of vehicles fell into the Patapsco River below.

Joe Biden addressed the bridge collapse in a public briefing about midday, saying that all indications were that it was a “terrible accident” rather than an “intentional act”.

The president also said he was thinking of those who remained unaccounted for amid the search and rescue efforts around the bridge, a key traffic artery whose destruction is also expected to cause months of travel disruption in a city with more than 575,000 residents.

“We’re with you. We’re going to stay with you as long as it takes,” said Biden, adding that he intended to travel to Baltimore as soon as possible. “You’re Maryland tough. You’re Baltimore strong.”

Officials said the ship issued a mayday as it went off course and seemed to lose power, which Baltimore officials said allowed them to prevent more vehicles from coming on to the bridge. The ship then appeared to catch fire as part of the bridge collapsed over it, sending plumes of thick, black smoke into the air.

Two people have been rescued, with one of them “severely” injured and in critical condition, officials said in a pre-dawn press conference. There were reports that there were workers on the bridge engaged in basic road maintenance when the collision occurred.

The temperature in the river was about 47F (8C) in the early hours of Tuesday, according to a buoy that collects data for the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.

From a vantage point near the entrance to the bridge, jagged remnants of its steel frame were visible protruding from the water, with the on-ramp ending abruptly where the span once began. “All lanes closed both directions for incident on I-695 Key Bridge. Traffic is being detoured,” the Maryland transportation authority posted on X. “I-695 Key Bridge collapse due to ship strike. Active scene,” it later added.

Calls to 911 had come in at about 1.30am, reporting a vessel travelling outbound from Baltimore that had struck a column on the bridge, causing it to collapse, said Kevin Cartwright, the director of communications for the Baltimore fire department. Several vehicles were on the bridge at the time, including one the size of a tractor-trailer.

“Our focus right now is trying to rescue and recover these people,” Cartwright said. He added that it was too early to know how many people were affected but described the collapse as a “developing mass casualty event”.

Cartwright said it appeared that there were “some cargo or retainers” that appeared to be dangling from the bridge, creating unsafe and unstable conditions that were complicating the rescue operation. “This is a dire emergency,” he said.

Matthew West, a petty officer first class for the coastguard in Baltimore, told the New York Times that the coastguard received a report of an impact at 1.27am ET. West said the Dali, a 948ft (290-metre) Singapore-flagged cargo ship, had hit the bridge, which is part of Interstate 695.

The Maritime and Port Authority of Singapore (MPA) confirmed that the vessel was registered in Singapore and said the agency was coordinating with the US Coast Guard and the ship’s management company to help. It also said it would investigate the incident itself.

There were 22 crew onboard at the time of the incident, Singapore said.

The shipping company Maersk said that it chartered the container ship in Baltimore, with the operator named as Synergy Marine Group. Maersk confirmed that there were 22 crew, and said they were all Indian. None of them were Maersk crew or personnel.

It added that there were 4,679 containers on board, roughly half of its 10,000 capacity.

“We are horrified by what has happened in Baltimore, and our thoughts are with all of those affected,” the company said in a statement.

The Dali had left Baltimore at 1am and was heading for the Sri Lankan capital, Colombo, according to the maritime data platform MarineTraffic. Synergy Marine Group, the manager of the Dali, confirmed that the ship had collided with one of the pillars of the bridge. It said all crew members, including the two pilots, had been accounted for and there were no reports of any injuries.

“Whilst the exact cause of the incident is yet to be determined, the Dali has now mobilised its qualified individual incident response service,” it said.

The same vessel was also involved in a collision in 2016 in Antwerp, Belgium, according to Vessel Finder and the maritime incident archive Shipwrecklog.

Its bow reportedly scraped the side of the quay while it was leaving port, significantly damaging several meters of the hull, and it was reportedly detained by authorities afterward.

According to Vessel Finder , the weather was fine at the time and the incident was blamed on the ship’s master and pilot on board. There were reportedly no injuries.

The Baltimore mayor, Brandon M Scott, called Tuesday’s collision an “unthinkable tragedy” at a press conference held as dawn broke on Baltimore. “Never would you imagine” seeing the bridge collapse, he added. “It looked like something out of an action movie.”

Asked how long it would take to rebuild the bridge, he said: “The discussion right now should be about the people, the lives, the souls … there are people in the water that we have to get out and that’s the only thing we should be talking about.”

He and the county executive, Johnny Olszewski Jr, said emergency personnel were at the scene and rescue efforts were under way.

Officials added that there was “absolutely no indication that there was any terrorism or that this was done on purpose”.

The Maryland governor, Wes Moore, said in a statement that he had declared a state of emergency.

He said the ship had lost power around the time when the cargo ship hit the Key Bridge, and the crew issued a “mayday” request. Moore said that officials were able to slow the flow of traffic, preventing more vehicles from falling into the water.

“These people are heroes. They saved lives last night,” Moore said, adding that Baltimore was working with an interagency government team to quickly deploy federal resources from the Biden administration.

Moore added the bridge was “fully up to code” before Tuesday’s accident and that rebuilding the bridge would be a long-term effort.

In a statement, the White House said it was “closely monitoring” the events. “The US Coast Guard is conducting search and rescue for those who remain unaccounted for as a result of the bridge collapse,” it said. “Senior White House officials are in touch with the governor and mayor to offer any federal assistance they need. There is no indication of any nefarious intent.”

It added that “our hearts go out” to the victims and families of what it called a “horrific incident”.

Built in 1977, the bridge spans the Patapsco River, a vital artery that along with the Port of Baltimore is a hub for shipping on the US’s east coast. It is named for the author of the American national anthem, The Star-Spangled Banner.

Gloria Oladipo , Associated Press and Reuters contributed to this report

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